T. L. DEITCH

Doctor of Historical Sciences

V. A. USOV

Candidate of Historical Sciences

Institute of Africa, Russian Academy of Sciences

Keywords: Africa, China, India, summit, cooperation, competition, development

The last decade has witnessed rapid economic growth and rapid, albeit uneven, development of African states, which forced even skeptics to abandon the usual "Afropessimism". A new sense of restrained "Afro-optimism" caused a surge of enthusiasm for the future of the Black continent, one of the forms of which was the holding of bilateral forums: the United States - Africa, the European Union-Africa, Japan - Africa.

Not only the leading Western powers, but also the largest developing countries - China, India, Brazil, Turkey, Iran and others-held similar events, including, given the volume and forms of cooperation with African countries, forums with the participation of "Asian giants" - China and India-deserve special attention.

CHINA SUMMIT ON AFRICAN SOIL

The China-Africa Cooperation Forum (FOCAC), founded by the Beijing leadership at the beginning of the 21st century, has become an important tool of China's "soft power" in its African policy. The then President of the People's Republic of China, Jiang Zemin, called it "a great undertaking in the history of Sino-African relations", noting that with the advent of the new millennium, China and Africa faced challenges that would have to be solved together.¹

FOCAC meetings are held every three years, alternately in China and Africa, in the format of summits or conferences at the ministerial level. The meetings unveil cooperation programs that China is committed to implementing over the next three years.

Already at the first Ministerial Conference in Beijing in October 2000, the China-Africa Economic and Social Development Cooperation Program2 and the Beijing Declaration were adopted, calling for the establishment of a new just world order and the implementation of the strategic partnership program for sustainable development in the twenty-first century.³ In line with the Forum's decisions, China signed 144 aid agreements with 43 African countries between 2001 and 2003, accounting for 35% of all external aid provided to them during this period4.

The second ministerial conference of the Forum in December 2003 in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), which was attended by representatives of more than 40 African countries and UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, was designed to continue the 2000 process, make bilateral relations more effective, and put forward new initiatives on cooperation in the field of human resources, agriculture, and infrastructure, investment and trade ⁵. The conference adopted the "Programme of Action of the China-Africa Cooperation Forum 2004-2006", which contained specific plans for cooperation in the economic, trade and social spheres.⁶

The 3rd FOCAC took on a truly large-scale character in November 2006 in Beijing, this time for the first time in the form of a summit with the participation of 48 out of 53 African countries, with 35 heads of state leading the delegations - an unprecedented event not only for Sino-African relations. The total number of Africans who arrived was 2 thousand people, who were given a warm welcome: guides who spoke Swahili, an African menu in hotels, over 1 million. police officers and volunteers who provided security for the guests. Flags of African states flew over Tiananmen Square, posters of elephants, giraffes, zebras, black and yellow handshakes and slogans such as "Africa is a land of myths and wonders" and banners such as "Friendship, peace, cooperation, development" were displayed in the streets, while " the airport was closed to all but African visitors arriving at the biggest diplomatic gathering the Chinese capital has ever seen. " ⁷

The summit ended with the adoption of the Declaration on Strategic Partnership and the Action Plan for 2007-2009, which provided for the provision of $3 billion to Africa. concessional loans and $2 billion. preferential commodity loans. Already in February 2009, according to the Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors. According to Chinese Foreign Minister Zhai Jun, China has successfully fulfilled all its obligations: Africa has received the promised financial assistance, 15 thousand Africans have been trained-

The number of scholarships awarded to African students has doubled from 2,000 to 4,000, 100 agricultural experts have been sent to Africa, 10 agricultural technology demonstration centers have been opened, 30 hospitals, 30 antimalarial centers, and 100 rural schools have been built.⁸

The 4th meeting of FOCAC in the format of a ministerial conference was held in November 2009 in Sharm el-Sheikh (Egypt). A Declaration and an Action Plan for the next three years were signed. Premier Wen Jiabao announced eight new measures to promote partnership with African countries9.

Over the next three years, China has pledged to provide $10 billion to Africa. as low-interest loans (twice as much as was promised at the 2006 summit), write off the remaining debts of the continent's least developed countries, and reduce to zero import tariffs for 95% of goods from these countries. A 3-year plan for "strategic partnership in science, technology and higher education"was also adopted.¹⁰

The meeting in Sharm el-Sheikh "opened a new page in China-Africa cooperation," Chinese Commerce Minister Chen Deming said on ¹¹. And as Professor He Wenping pointed out, it marked the beginning of a new stage in China-Africa relations. ¹²

The Forum's 5th ministerial Conference was held in Beijing in July 2012. In his keynote speech at the opening ceremony, Chinese President Hu Jintao noted that significant progress has been made in strengthening cooperation over the past 12 years, and called for redoubling efforts to advance the new type of China-Africa strategic partnership.¹³

At the conference, a new 5-point program of assistance to Africa was announced, and the first was called support for the sustainable development of the continent's countries. China has pledged to provide $20 billion in loans to African countries, double the amount promised at the previous meeting of the Forum. ¹⁴ The Beijing Action Plan called for prioritizing agricultural development and food security, transfer of advanced technologies to Africa, investment cooperation,and easier access to Chinese and African markets. ¹⁵

The years 2014-2015, which witnessed a slowdown in the Chinese economy, gave rise to pessimistic forecasts about China's future in Africa. But while many factors are not in favor of expanding China-Africa economic cooperation, Beijing clearly has no intention of leaving the continent and is ready to make new commitments.

This was confirmed by the 2nd summit of the China-Africa Cooperation Forum on December 4-5, 2015 in Johannesburg (South Africa). In an effort to emphasize the significance of the event, Beijing deliberately raised the level of the event (usually FOCAC conferences were held at the ministerial level in African countries). For the first time, the summit was held on African soil, with the theme:: "China-Africa Joint Progress: Mutually beneficial cooperation for common development". It was attended by the heads and representatives of 50 African states that have diplomatic relations with China.

The summit was held at a time when both China and Africa adopted new development strategies. To mark the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the African Union has adopted Agenda 2063, which aims to achieve a decisive shift in development over the next 50 years, and the first 10-year implementation plan for the Agenda. The programme's objectives include integration, democracy, human rights and good governance, and emphasizes the central role of women and youth in developing and strengthening Africa's international role as a strong and influential player.

At the opening of the summit, Chinese President Xi Jinping announced a new program of assistance to the continent. The global media blasted Beijing's decision to provide $60 billion in loans to Africa over the next three years, which is almost 3 times the amount of aid announced at the FOCAC conference in 2012, and 4 times the aid promised to Africa by US President B. Trump. Obama during a visit to the continent in 2014.

Assistance will be provided in the form of grants, interest-free loans, concession loans, export credit lines, debt relief, special loans for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises; $5 billion. Investments will be made in the China-Africa Development Fund (CADF), which has been supporting Chinese companies investing in Africa since 2007.

The Summit adopted the Johannesburg Declaration and Plan of Action (2016-2018). The plan identifies 10 areas that will receive funding: industrialization, agricultural modernization, infrastructure, finance, green economy, trade and investment, poverty reduction, health and education, cultural exchange, peace and security ¹⁶.

Industrial production in Africa is only 0.7% of the world's total. In the face of slowing growth and a difficult situation in the country's industrial sector, China is restructuring its own economy and industrial transformation, and can transfer its experience, equipment and skills to Africa. So, he intends to transfer intensive labor enterprises to Africa, which will lead to an increase in production on the continent, the number of jobs and wages.

In particular, Beijing plans to transfer some industrial chains to countries such as South Africa, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya, Egypt and Morocco. For example, in Ethiopia and Kenya, Chinese shoe companies are already operating, using their own capital and specialists.¹⁷ Experts consider this component of Chinese policy, along with participation in the development of African infrastructure, to be related to China's desire to increase exports, use its opportunities in the construction sector, and stimulate a slowing economy.

Economic growth will be the two pillars of China-Africa cooperation in the coming years.

The industrialization plan also provides for the construction or modernization of a number of industrial parks, the creation of regional training centers and advanced training schools. China plans to train 20 thousand technical personnel, create 40 thousand vacancies for training African personnel in China.

Given China's rich experience in increasing the productivity of the agricultural sector of the economy, it is understandable that it pays special attention to the development of African agriculture. The Action Plan says Beijing is ready to transfer technologies to Africa that can help modernize this sector, as well as encourage Chinese enterprises to invest in large-scale farming, raising livestock, building storage facilities and organizing grain processing, creating jobs. Financial assistance will be provided to 100 African villages where agricultural projects will be implemented under the guidance of 30 teams of Chinese experts.¹⁸

One of the main problems of Africa is the imperfect infrastructure, which hinders the development of trade between the countries of the continent and creates obstacles to African integration. China has the experience and capabilities to participate in solving this problem. The infrastructure plan provides for the planning, design, construction and maintenance of railways and highways, regional aviation, ports, electricity and telecommunications. Support will also be provided for the establishment of five transport universities in Africa.

In January 2015, an agreement was signed between China and the African Union, the implementation of which will allow us to move closer to achieving the "African dream" - to connect the capitals of all countries of the continent with a network of high-speed railways, highways, and air links.

China has completed the construction of a railway between Djibouti and Ethiopia, launched new railway projects in Nigeria and Angola, and connects Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and South Sudan with a network of roads. China uses Africa's iron, coal, steel, cement and local labor to create transport infrastructure, providing jobs for Africans.

One of the important tasks set by the Chinese government is the implementation of the One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative, which includes plans for the creation of the" New Silk Road "and the"Maritime Silk Road of the 21st Century".

South Africa's Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, Maite Nkoana-Mashabane, linked the 2063 Agenda adopted by the African Union to this initiative. The Chinese project, which focuses on infrastructure, echoes the Africa Infrastructure Development Program (PIDA). "We hope that all these plans will materialize thanks to the summit, and African companies will have opportunities to partner with Chinese companies working on these projects," the Minister said.¹⁹

The financial plan provides for expanding the use of the renminbi as an alternative currency and currency swaps in Africa, establishing branches in Africa by Chinese financial institutions, and expanding investment and financial cooperation to support African industrialization and modernization.

The Green Economy development plan includes China's support for Africa's green development opportunities, including the implementation of 100 clean energy projects, wildlife protection, and the construction of livable cities.

China is Africa's main trading partner. China-Africa trade, which totaled almost $300 billion in 2015, is expected to grow to $400 billion by 2020.20 China's investment in the continent totaled $32 billion in 2015.21. China plans to increase them to $100 billion by 2020 ²².

In order to expand trade and investment cooperation with Africa, the Action Plan provides for the implementation of 50 programs to improve conditions for domestic and foreign trade and investment. China is ready to negotiate the creation of free trade zones with countries and regional organizations of the continent and expand the import of African products.

The poverty reduction plan calls for debt relief to the least developed countries that they had at the end of 2015 because they were unable to pay off the interest-free loans provided by China.

The health plan involves building an African disease control center and supporting collaboration between 20 Chinese and 20 African hospitals. It is worth recalling that in 2014, China came to the aid of West African countries affected by the Ebola epidemic. It has spent $117 million on medicines, food and other assistance to fight the spread of the epidemic, and has sent hundreds of medical specialists to Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia to treat the sick. ²³ During its work in these countries, Chinese specialists have trained 1,600 local health workers.²⁴

The plan for cultural cooperation and education provides for the opening of five cultural centers in Africa, as well as the creation of a satellite communication system for 10 thousand African villages. China has pledged to provide 30 thousand government scholarships to Africans in the next three years. For 2013-2015 scholarships for studying in Chinese universities were promised to 20 thousand ²⁵ African students.

The focus of Beijing's attention is also on African security issues. Xi Jinping announced at the summit that $60 million will be awarded to the African Standby Force and the African Capacity for Immediate Response to²⁶.

After the Rwandan genocide

(1994) The continent's leaders have repeatedly called for the creation of their own armed forces capable of responding quickly to crisis situations, preventing war crimes and human rights violations. Such forces have been created and are being trained, but funding is a problem. Helping Africa achieve this goal is also in the interests of China, which needs to protect its investments and ongoing projects in the face of instability and conflict on the continent.

During the summit, 26 agreements were signed between the PRC and South Africa alone, involving government departments, state-owned enterprises and companies such as Escom, Transnet, Industrial Development Corporation, SA Space Agency, Trans Caledon Tunnel Authority, The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, as well as private enterprises and companies such as Standard Bank, Investec, Naspers. The total amount of contracts signed was $94 billion ²⁷.

According to the South African Pew Research Center, 70% of Africans welcome Chinese investment. ²⁸ Claims of Chinese "neo-colonialism" in Africa, many Africans believe, do not hold water. China provides the continent's countries with new opportunities that enable Africa to accelerate growth.

THIRD INDIA-AFRICA SUMMIT: A NEW TURN OR A STOP ON THE ROAD?

At the beginning of the XXI century. India has become one of Africa's main partner countries. It has invested heavily in developing the continent's mineral resources, improving its infrastructure, and developing human capital.

The India-Africa summits, the first of which was held in April 2008 in Delhi, and the second in May 2011 in Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, can be considered symbols of active bilateral cooperation.

The India-Africa summits were a clear success and received positive reviews from experts and the media both in India and Africa. This was facilitated not only by their good organization, but also, first of all, by the real economic achievements in bilateral relations identified at the summits, such as the growth of India's trade turnover with Africa, India's investments in Africa and the number of Indian projects being implemented in the countries of the continent.

But at the same time, the results of China's economic cooperation with African countries were still more significant, and this problem attracted the attention of the Indian leadership, giving rise to a discussion about the need to close the gap with China by reforming Indian policy in Africa.

The government that came to power in India in May 2014, headed by Narendra Modi, who previously led one of the most successfully developing Indian states - Gujarat, promised to extend the experience of Gujarat's governance to all of India, accelerate economic reforms, and increase the role and importance of India in world affairs.

Modi was actively supported by both the Indian business community, which is focused on cooperation with Africa, and the Indian scientific community, including many African experts. The new government was asked not only to develop measures for more effective cooperation between Indian businesses and authorities with Africa and to ensure that all the promises that the previous government made to African countries were fulfilled without failures, but also to learn from the experience of China. ²⁹

India's new approach to India-Africa relations was to be tested by holding the 3rd India-Africa Summit in New Delhi on October 26-30, 2015.

It was originally planned to be held in June 2014, but due to the protracted parliamentary elections in India, the summit was postponed to December. To the considerable surprise of observers and experts, in September 2014, the Indian government again announced that the summit would be postponed to 2015 without specifying a specific date.

The reason for this extraordinary step was called Ebola. Despite assurances from Indian officials that the move was coordinated with the African Union, Indian media reported that some African countries expressed doubts about the validity of such a decision.

The summit was held in Delhi on October 26-30, 2015. Unlike the two previous events of this kind, in 2008 and 2011, which were attended by representatives of 12 and 15 African countries, respectively, this time the summit was attended by representatives of 53 African countries.

41 African States were represented by top officials - presidents, Vice-presidents or Prime ministers. The total number of African representatives was at least 2 thousand people ³⁰.

The interest of African leaders in participating in this event was largely determined by the results achieved earlier in India-Africa relations. From 2001 to 2015, India-Africa trade grew from a modest $3 billion. up to $72 billion ³¹. In addition, India has provided soft loans to African countries in the amount of $9 billion, which allowed the implementation of 140 projects in more than ⁴⁰ of them, of which 60 projects have been completed so far.

In 48 African countries, the Pan - African E-Network is a single fiber-optic and electronic communication system that connects Indian universities and medical centers with educational and medical centers in Africa and allows you to conduct sessions in the field of telemedicine and teleeducation.³³ Since the 1st India-Africa Summit, the Government of the country has provided 40 thousand scholarships to Africans to study in 300 different programs and courses ³⁴, including:

25 thousand only for the last three years ³⁵.

The overall level of India's investment in Africa is not entirely clear, which largely depends on the calculation method. Indian companies have invested between $32 billion and $ 35 billion in Africa, according to Indian Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj.³⁶ According to more conservative estimates, which do not take into account offshore zones such as Mauritius, the total level of Indian investment in Africa is approximately $14bn, ³⁷ but even so, India remains the 4th largest investor in Africa, after the EU, China and the United States.

Indian officials see the fact that India does not impose duties on a significant portion of goods imported from the least developed African countries as another significant achievement. This initiative, announced at the first India-Africa Summit, was expanded in August 2014 and now covers up to 98% of goods from ³⁴ African countries38.

Before the start of the 3rd summit, there was no shortage of predictions that the event would be able to revitalize and take India's economic and political ties with Africa to a new level and, in fact, open a new page in India-Africa relations. Indeed, the Indian leadership announced new initiatives during the summit:

- increase to 50 thousand the number of scholarships provided to Africans to study in India;

- increase to $10 billion the amount of concessional loans provided by India to African countries over the next 5 years, in addition to the $7.2 billion previously provided to African countries following the results of the India-Africa summits in 2008 and 2011.;

- provide $600 million in grants for various projects in Africa ³⁹.

Along with these financial initiatives, the Third India-Africa Forum Summit 2015: India-Africa Framework for Strategic Cooperation and the Third India-Africa Declaration of the 3rd India-Africa Summit 2015 were adopted at the end of the 3rd India-Africa Summit.- Africa Forum Summit 2015: Delhi Declaration 2015).

These framework documents have addressed virtually all of the major economic, political and social challenges facing India and African States today, but have been largely declarative. It was not possible to develop real mechanisms for implementing the formulated wishes and measures for their implementation at the summit, and as a result, it was decided to monitor the implementation of the decisions taken within three months after the end of the 3rd summit.

An analysis of the decisions taken and the speeches made by the participants of the 3rd summit suggests that, despite considerable expectations, nothing fundamentally new happened at it compared to previous summits. A certain quantitative increase in aid and financial initiatives announced by the Indian authorities did not look significant after a month against the background of statements by the Chinese leadership at the FOCAC summit in Johannesburg in early December 2015.

The fact that not everything is going well in Indian-African interstate relations is evidenced by the notes of dissatisfaction with the current state of affairs voiced in the speeches of Indian officials. Sushma Swaraj was forced to admit that by the 3rd summit, the Indian side "has gained enough experience and now understands what works and what doesn't" ⁴⁰, and Prime Minister Narendra Modi, as if apologizing, said: "There are times when we can't give as much as you expect from us. And there are promises that we haven't fulfilled as quickly as we should have."⁴¹

The reference to the lack of effectiveness of earlier decisions taken within the framework of the Indian-African summit format was included in the text of the "Main Directions of strategic cooperation between India and Africa", where paragraph 29 states that "the parties are determined to solve the problems that slow down the implementation of the Indian-African partnership programs". The decision to hold the next India-Africa summit only in 2020, i.e. in five years, and not in three years, as was decided at the first two India-Africa summits, is another confirmation of the crisis in the format of meetings.⁴²

A relatively new moment in Indian-African relations was the consideration of the internal political initiative "Make in India"announced by Narendra Modi at the summit. Paragraph 16 of the Guidelines included an offer to African countries to participate in investment from Africa to India, which was linked to the request of the African side to expand the scheme of India's elimination of duties on goods imported from the least developed countries of Africa. ⁴³

At the same time, Sushma Swaraj clarified that it may be a question of creating mutually beneficial joint ventures and suggested that African governments and businesses organize so-called roadshows and exhibitions to attract investors from India. ⁴⁴ African representatives understood the "Make in India" initiative in their own way. As former Ghanaian President John Kufuor put it, African countries need their own "Make in Africa" initiative to "marry African resources and Indian technology"^.45

It can be said that there is currently no clarity on who should produce where and what, but a number of experts have already expressed concern about this problem and suggested that the Indian authorities clarify their proposal and determine how the "Make in India" initiative can affect African production, given that India is unlikely to refuse such a comparative approach. benefits like cheap labor ⁴⁶.

Overall, the last summit

"India-Africa" left a mixed impression. India has once again confirmed its fundamental interest in developing and strengthening cooperation with Africa. However, the specific forms and approaches to implementing such cooperation obviously do not suit the current Delhi authorities and are likely to be clarified and revised.

CHINA AND INDIA: PARTNERS OR RIVALS IN AFRICA?

There are two main points of view on the problem of China-India rivalry in Africa. A number of experts believe that, based on the volume of trade and investment, this rivalry is not significant.

China is Africa's main trading partner; India is in 4th place. According to preliminary estimates of the Indian authorities, the volume of Indian-African trade in 2015 was $90 billion, so India's gap with China in this area remains. India's trade with Africa is mainly concentrated in four or five countries, while Sino-African trade covers a wide range of countries on the continent.

China is the undisputed leader in finance and investment in Africa; it is ahead of India in terms of participation in the development of African infrastructure, including the creation of such an important transport network for Africa. However, India also has its own niche, actively investing in the development of social and human potential of African countries.

The most complete Indian position on this issue was formulated by the American researcher Karen Monahan, who noted that India can teach Africa the importance of entrepreneurship in order to increase income sources, create jobs and economic growth. In her opinion, "Indian companies are much more integrated into African society and the African economy than Chinese companies. They hire local people and teach them how to maintain and repair Indian-built factories."⁴⁷.

Unlike China, India is represented in Africa mainly not by state-owned corporations, but by large and medium-sized businesses. Major Indian private companies, such as Tata, have been present in Africa since the 1970s and have interests in a wide variety of fields, including high-tech areas such as the development of information and communication technologies or the production of auto parts. At the same time, the presence of the Indian diaspora, on the one hand, makes it easier for Indian companies and individual entrepreneurs to take root in the region, and on the other hand, it is a link that ensures the participation of local businesses in projects with Indian participation.

India is generally more favourably received in Africa than China. Even though China does much more for Africa than India, its involvement in Africa is accompanied by a number of negative consequences for African trade and small businesses. For example, African traders sometimes cannot compete with Chinese traders who push them out of the market. China supplies finished products at low prices, and this is detrimental to the local industry. It was reported that competition with the Chinese brought 28% of Ethiopian producers to bankruptcy. In 2010, two well-known Ghanaian companies-Ghana Textile Print and Printex-went bankrupt and ceased operations due to their inability to compete with Chinese imports. ^The ruin of small businesses has repeatedly caused dissatisfaction in African countries48.

At the same time, the intensity of competition between the two Asian powers on the continent is often exaggerated. Business is becoming increasingly multinational, and companies are seeking to work together in various sectors of the economy. Even if, as some experts believe, "India's comparative advantage in Africa is underestimated and many people focus exclusively on China," ⁴⁹ India's relations with Africa are developing well, and the October 2015 summit generally showed that India has long-term interests in the continent.

There is, however, another opinion regarding the relationship between China and India on the continent. According to him, Asian countries, being partners in BRICS and the SCO, which, it would seem, implies their desire for cooperation, are entering into an increasingly acute competition in Africa.

For example, in South Africa, companies from the two countries are competing for tenders to participate in project implementation, which includes, in particular, India's Tata Motors, Indian automobile giant Mahindra & Mahindra and China's Beijing Automotive Group Co, which invested $770 million in the creation of the largest automobile plant in South Africa. India is second only to China in South Africa in terms of investment -$100 million, while China-according to the Statistics Bureau of the People's Republic of China- $12.9 billion.⁵⁰

At the same time, India is ahead of China in Nigeria. Despite major investment projects implemented by China, including the construction of a high-speed railway and the creation of two special economic zones, India has a greater influence on Nigeria's domestic politics. According to unofficial data, up to 1 million Indians live in this country (Chinese Huaqiao - about 50 thousand), and Indian emigrants own large trading companies. President Muhammadu Buhari himself attended a military college in India in his youth.⁵¹

Nigeria and India share a common past: both were colonies of Great Britain. Nigeria is the largest recipient of Chinese investment on the continent (with a total volume of $32.2 billion in 2005-2015).⁵². However, in terms of trade with this African country, China and India are roughly equal: in 2014, China-Nigeria trade totaled $18 billion, ⁵³ and India-Nigeria trade totaled $ 18 billion.

(in 2013/2014) - $17 billion. "Nigeria is a very important country for India," said Kaisar Alam, India's High Commissioner to Nigeria. ⁵⁴

India is closely following China's progress in Africa and is keen to strengthen its position. It is worth noting that African countries are satisfied with this state of affairs. As Katuribi Tauebwa, a member of the Ugandan High Commission in India, observed, "We are happy that there is intense competition between India and China for access to African markets."⁵⁵

All this, however, does not exclude the possibility of cooperation between the two Asian powers in various projects on the continent, as well as multilateral cooperation in Africa within the framework of BRICS.

¹ Xinhua News Agency (IBAS) Newsletter. Beijing. 10.10.2000.

² Beijing Programme for China. Africa Cooperation in Economic and Social Development. 12.10.2000 - http://www.dfa.Gov.Za/foreign/Multilateral/africa/treaties/beiprog htm

³ Beijing Declaration of the Forum in China-Africa Cooperation. October 2000 // Yuan Wu. China and Africa. 1956 - 2006. Beijing. China Intercontinental Press. 2006. Appendixes I. P. 101.

⁴ Sino-Africa agreement will boost continent // Business Day. Johannesburg. 19.12.2003.

⁵ Africa China's common goals // Business Day. Johannesburg. 02.02.2004.

⁶ IBAS. 16.12.2003.

⁷ The Times. London. 2.11.2006.

⁸ China to maintain aid, investment in Africa regardless of financial crisis // Xinhua. 06.02.2009.

⁹ IBAS. 15.01.2010.

¹⁰ China-Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation. Information Office of the State Council. The People's Republic of China. August 2013. Beijing. 2013.

¹¹ http://www.rodon.org/polit-100121111551. 21.01.2010.

¹² ITAR-TASS. 19.05.2010.

¹³ Chinese president's special speech at the opening ceremony of Fifth Ministerial Conference of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) in Beijing, capital of China // Xinhua news. 19.07.2012 - http://news/xinhuanet.com/English/china/2012 - 07/19c-131725637.htm

^Hujintao. 14 Open up New Prospects for a New Type of China-Africa Strategic Partnership. Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the Fifth Ministerial Conference of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. Beijing. 2012.

¹⁵ Ministers Adopt Beijing Plan for 2013 - 2015 // African Regional Coverage. 20 July, 2012.

¹⁶ China-Africa cooperation summit ends in Johannesburg // Ghana Web. 6.12.2015 - www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/China-Africa-cooperation-summit-ends -in-Johannesburg

¹⁷ Pretoria News. Pretoria. 4.12.2015.

^{Sibongakonke Shaba.} 18 Early festive gifts from China's Xi // Sunday Times, Johannesburg. 6.12.2015.

^{Nkoana-Mashabane Maite.} 19 Minister of International Relations and Cooperation. A win-win synergy: Africa's Agenda 2063 and China's one belt and one road initiative. FOCAC 6. Africa-China Progressing Together. Cape Town. December, 2015. P. 2.

²⁰ China-Africa trade approaches $300 billion in 2015 // China Daily. 7.01.2016 - chinadaily.com.cn(business)2015 - 11/10/content-22417707.htm

²¹ Africa: China-Africa Summit // All Africa. 6.12.2015 -allafrica.com/stories12031600htm

²² The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, 2015. Johannesburg Action Plan (2016 - 2018) - www.focac.org/eng/ltda/dwijbzijhys-1/t1327961.htm

²³ China awards model Ebola fighters. Xinhua News Agency, on November 25, 2015 - www.globalpost.com/article/6694070/2015/11/25china-awards-model-ebola-fighters

^{Konye Obaji Ori.} 24 Ebola: China sends in more medical workers to West Africa // The Africa Report. 13.01.2015 - West Africa.htm

²⁵ The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, 2015...

²⁶ Ibidem.

^{Mzwandile Masina.} 27 What FOCAC agreements mean for Africa // Business Report. Pretoria. 9.12.2015. P. 15.

^{Shoujin Cui.} 28 Keep geopolitical wrangling out of Africa // Business Report...

²⁹ Modi in Power with new Approach to Africa. 19.05.2014 // The Times of India - http://www.thetimesofafrica.com/content/modi-power-new-approach-africa

³⁰ Africa major focus of BRICS Bank: Indian Premier // The BRICS Post. 24.10.2015 - http://thebricspost.com/africa-major-focus-of-brics-bank-indian-premier/#.VlnKOuPHSSo; Vines Alex. India's Interests at the Africa Forum Summit: From Deals to Delivery? // Chatham House. 26.10.2015 - https://www.chatham-house.org/expert/comment/india-s-interests-africa-forum-summit-deals- delivery

^{Vanham Peter.} 31 Big dreams of India-Africa trade at Delhi forum. 5.11.2015 - http://blogs.ft.eom/beyond-brics/2014/11/05/big-dreams-of-india-africa-trade-at-delhi-forum/; Naidu Sanusha, Rwigi Edwin. India's Africa trade policy under the Modi Government: Business as usual or the makings of a strategic reorientation? 4.03.2015 - http://www.ictsd.org/bridges-news/bridges-africa/news/india%E2%80%99s-africa-trade-polic y-under-the-modi-government-business-as.

³² Statement by External Affairs Minister Smt. Sushma Swaraj at Ministerial Meeting of Third India-Africa Forum Summit. 27.10.2015. New Delhi - http://www.iafs.in/speeches-detail.php?speeches_id=229

^{Vines Alex.} 33 Op. cit.

³⁴ Statement by External Affairs Minister Smt. Sushma Swaraj..; Vines Alex. Op. cit.

³⁵ The India-Africa Relationship Beyond Strategic Considerations // The Wire. 24.10. 2015 - http://thewire.in/2015/10/24/the-india-africa- relationship-is-beyond-strategic-considerations-13932/

³⁶ We Support Indian Companies Investing in Africa: Sushma Swaraj // Indo-Asian News Service. 28.10.2015 http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/we-support-indian-companies-investing-in-africa-sushma-s waraj-1237494; Invest in Africa for resources and growth, says Sushma Swaraj to India Inc // Business Standard. 28.10.2015 - http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/invest-in-africa-for-resources-and- growth-says-sushma-swaraj-to-india-inc-115102800512_1.html

^{Naidu Sanusha, Rwigi Edwin.} 37 Op. cit.

³⁸ Statement by External Affairs Minister Smt. Sushma Swaraj..; India-Africa Framework for Strategic Cooperation. 29.10.2015. New Delhi - http://www.iafs.in/documents-detail.php?archive_id=323

³⁹ India pledges million in aid, low-cost loans for Africa. 29.10.2015 - http://www.news24.com/World/News/India-pledges-millions-in-aid-low-cost-loans-for-Afric a-20151029; Singhal Rajrishi. Modi resets India's Africa strategy // The Hindu. 17.11.2015 -http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/modi-resets-indias-africa-strategy/article7888 689.ece

⁴⁰ Statement by External Affairs Minister Smt. Sushma Swaraj...

^{Singhal Rajrishi.} 41 India resets Africa strategy // Gateway House. 5.11.2015 - http://www.gatewayhouse.in/india-resets-africa-strategy/

⁴² Third India-Africa Forum Summit 2015: India-Africa Framework for Strategic Cooperation. 29.10.2015. New Delhi -http://www.iafs.in/documents-detail.php7archive_id-323

⁴³ Ibidem.

⁴⁴ We Support Indian Companies Investing in Africa: Sushma Swaraj // Indo-Asian News Service. 28.10.2015 http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/we-support-indian-companies-investing-in-africa-sushma-s waraj-1237494

^{Jain Pooja & Ndiaye Alione.} 45 Africa-India: Analyzing the conditions and stakes of a win-win partnership // Pambazuka News. Issue 749. 5.11.2015 - http://pambazuka.org/en/category/features/95947

⁴⁶ Cit. by: India-Africa Forum Summit 2015. Addressing Make in Africa, at the India-Africa Summit. 27.10.2015 http://indiatogether.org/india-africa-forum-summit-economy

^{Hanson Stephanie & Monaghan Karen.} 47 India Offers 'Lesson of Entrepreneurship' to Africa. Council on Foreign Relations. 29.06.2007 - http://www.cfr.org/india/monaghan-india-offers-lesson-entrepreneurship-africa/p13701

^{Deych T. L.} 48 China "Wins" Africa, Moscow, IAfr RAS, 2014, p. 203. (Deych T. 2014. China "Wins" Africa, Moscow) (in Russian)

^{Mahajan-Bansal Neelima & Sanjay Suri.} 49 The Siege of Africa. Forbes India. August 21, 2009 - http://business.in.com/article/boardroom/the-siege-of-africa/3552/1

⁵⁰ Beijing's African appetites, or why China has invested almost 20 times more in Africa than in Russia. Southern China. Hong Kong. 7.12.2015.

⁵¹ Ibid.

^{Ritholtz Barry.} 52 Chinese Investment in Africa // The Big Picture. 17.12.2015 -The Big Picture htm

^{Dawn Dimowo & Kadiri Otary.} 53 Evening the odds for a future Sino-Nigerian Relations. FOCAC 6. Africa-China Progressing Together. Cape Town. December 2015. P. 10.

⁵⁴ Nigeria-India trade volume hits US$17 billion - Envoy. Premium Times // All Africa. 01.05.2015 allafrica.com/stories/201501050092.html

^{Singh Harshmeet.} 55 India China rivalry shifts to Africa // NewsGram Deak. 15.10.2015 - http://www.newsgram.com/india-china-rivalry-shifts-to-africa/

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