MIGRATION PROCESSES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND AFRICA (DYNAMICS AND CURRENT STATE).

Collection of articles. A. A. Rogozhin, Moscow: IMEMO RAS, 2007, 147 p. (1);

MIGRATION PROCESSES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND AFRICA (MAIN PROBLEMS, ATTEMPTS TO SOLVE THEM).

Collection of articles. A. A. Rogozhin, Moscow: IMEMO RAS, 2008, 86 p. (2);

MIGRATION PROCESSES IN ASIAN AND AFRICAN COUNTRIES - EXPERIENCE OF STATE REGULATION.

Collection of articles. A. A. Rogozhin, Moscow: IMEMO RAS, 2010, 67 p. (3)

Migration processes are now coming to the fore in world politics. This is evident from the statements made by a number of leading government leaders. Obama's Dream Act bill proposes legalizing illegal migrants in the United States (officially 11 million people, but estimated to be significantly more) on the basis of granting them a special "legal prospective migrant" visa. This visa will give currently illegal migrants significant advantages for naturalization [Mirzayan, 2013]. In the "Concept of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation", which was approved by the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin on February 12, 2013. [Kontseptsiya..., 2013], migration is described rather negatively, but the importance of state demographic policy is taken into account. At the end of March 2013, British Prime Minister David Cameron spoke about possible measures that the United Kingdom is going to introduce to limit migration from other (primarily eastern) EU countries [Skosyrev, 2013].

As we can see, at the beginning of 2013, several statements were made and several programs were published concerning migration issues, and more broadly, the problems of the demographic state of the planet. At the same time, the main focus is on migration from less developed countries to more developed countries. Global migrations are complex and complex. And it is very good that this topic was addressed by the staff of IMEMO RAS 1 in the three-volume collective work "Migration processes in developing countries of Asia and Africa".

If we talk about the regional aspect of the problem, then this collective study examines the following parts of the ecumene: the Middle East and North Africa; South Asia; South-East Asia; North-East Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; the post-Soviet space (South Caucasus and Central Asia). These are precisely the regions that, in the current geo-economic and geopolitical situation, are donors of labor that "flows" to more developed countries through migration (primarily to the United States, Western Europe, and Russia).

From a problem perspective, the study raises the following questions: the role of international migration for developing economies, including the role of money that migrants transfer to the country of origin (especially in the context of the global economic crisis); world experience and the role of international organizations in regulating migration problems; issues of illegal migration (including human trafficking); migration policies of donor States the main social characteristics of people included in migration movements. Finally, the author considers the need for an international dialogue on the problems that the authors are investigating, given the growth of migrant phobia. Separate sections are devoted to migration problems in the CIS countries 2. It is interesting to note that, although this study was made some time ago, its relevance is only growing. And this is clearly evident from the statements of those political leaders who were quoted at the beginning of this review.

1 I will mention the names of the authors: E. A. Bragina, I. N. Kuklina, E. E. Lebedeva, D. B. Malysheva, O. B. Reznikova, A. A. Rogozhin, N. G. Rogozhina, A. I. Salitsky, A. Ya. Elyanov. Further links are given only to the issue and the publication page.

2 Unfortunately, articles in peer-reviewed collections are not written according to a single template: this reduces the possibility of conducting interregional comparative analysis. But it is obvious that this is not the fault of the project managers and authors, but of the real situation, including the diversity in migration processes, as well as the uneven source base.

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Since the total volume of all three books is 34.4 a. l., I do not have the opportunity to consider the whole set of questions and problems that the authors of the peer-reviewed work have plunged into. Therefore, I will consider only those materials, ideas and conclusions that seem to me the most important. First of all, this will concern the volume and directions of migration in specific macroregions.

The growth of migration processes in the world is recorded by UN data. According to these data, from 1991 to 2005, the total number of people living outside the countryof birth3 increased from 154.8 to 190.6 million people (1, p. 11). However, if we follow the above figures, the number of migrants in the modern world is approximately 0.03% of the world's population, i.e. an insignificant amount. In this regard, the most important questions are the causes and directions of migration.

At first glance, it is obvious that migration flows are mainly directed to high-income countries. According to the UN, in 2003, migrants accounted for 15% of all workers in the United States, about 20% in Canada and New Zealand, and almost 25% in Australia. In Western Europe, the share of migrants is lower, although the exceptions are Luxembourg (migrants occupy 45% of jobs) and Switzerland (21.8%). In other European countries, the share of migrants in the labor force ranges from 9.5% of jobs (Greece) to 5.1% (England) or less (1, p.12, 68). However, their number is large: in Germany it now amounts to 10.8 million people [Perepelkin, 2011 (1)]. The number of migration in the Russian Federation cannot be accurately accounted for, but we can talk about millions of people. So, as far as I know, the number of migrants from Uzbekistan alone is now approaching 3 million people.

It should be noted that the mass reception of immigrants and the policy of multiculturalism cause noticeable discontent among the indigenous population. This manifested itself first in the activation and growth of the authority of European nationalist parties, then in the riots of Muslim youth and in scandals like "cartoon". The collapse of the multiculturalism policy was officially formulated by German Chancellor Angela Merkel (17.10.2010), British Prime Minister David Cameron (05.02.2011), and French President Nicolas Sarkozy (10.02.2011) [Kulikov, 2011, p. 10]. In Russia, the acting (as of July 2013) Mayor of Moscow, S. A., made negative statements on this topic not so long ago. Sobyanin (see also the statements of the country's President Vladimir Putin on this topic).

Migrants are accepted not only by countries with a European cultural tradition. Thus, the share of the foreign population is 42.6% in Hong Kong, and 55.9% in Macau. However, these countries are quite tiny, and in other countries of North-East Asia, the share of migrants relative to the total population is insignificant: in Japan, 2 million people, in China, 600 thousand, in South Korea, 250 thousand (1, p. 37). There are migrant reception centers in Southeast Asia. These are Singapore, where foreigners make up 29% of the labor force, Malaysia (17%), Thailand (3%); in Brunei, foreigners make up 71% of the private sector employees (1, p.44). For the countries of the Middle East and North Africa, the following countries are receiving migrants: Egypt (5 million refugees by 2003), Lebanon (more than 1 million refugees and labor migrants), Jordan (2.2 million people, or 39% of the population). In the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Kuwait, foreigners are the majority of the population: for example, in the United Arab Emirates, foreigners make up 90% of the labor force (1, pp. 75-77, 81; 3, p. 11 (data for 2007)).

To better assess the data on migration to Europe, we can cite some scattered materials on the migration presence in Eastern countries. In the Arab countries of the Middle East, 81% of the domestic labor market is filled by people from Sri Lanka, and 19%-from the Philippines. According to the UN, about 2.2 million people left Iraq, most of them found refuge in Syria (1.4 million Iraqis), and the rest moved to Jordan (0.5-0.75 million people), Egypt, Lebanon, Turkey, and the Persian Gulf countries. Currently, about 10 million foreigners live in the Gulf States, which is an impressive number compared to the local population (from 25% of the population of Oman to almost 80% of the population of the UAE) (2, pp. 25-28). There are at least 3 million migrants from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh in the UAE alone, and 270 thousand in Bahrain (2, p. 79). As of 2003, foreigners accounted for 1/3 of the population in Saudi Arabia, and they occupied 2/3 of all jobs and 95% of all employees in the private sector (2, p. 29). In The Equatorial Zone

3 This is the most general definition of migrants.

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Guinea, which ranks third in Africa in terms of oil production, has a third of its population as migrants (2, p. 59).

Of course, there is a high proportion of refugees and "intraregional migrants" in Asian countries that accept migration, but in general, we can talk about trends similar to the migration situation, for example, in European countries and in Russia. It should be emphasized that immigration, especially if it is perceived as a "threat", is characteristic not only for Western countries, but also for Eastern countries.

I would like to emphasize that if in the eyes of the American, European or Russian layman, migration is primarily associated with the influx of"foreigners" to their respective countries, then the picture looks somewhat different at the global level. To a large extent, migration is intraregional in nature, if we talk about large regions, and, moreover, the process of regionalization of migration flows is increasing. Thus, from 1970 to 2000, the number of migrants to other parts of the world decreased from 12 to 9% of their total number in Africa, from 7 to 3.5% in Latin America, from 22.9 to 18.7% in Europe, and from 34.5 to 25% in Asia (1, p.37). For example, in 2005, the total number of migrants from ASEAN countries was 13.5 million, of whom 5.4 million found work within the region (3, p. 25).

So far, the largest number of immigrants to developed countries of the world comes from the Middle East and North Africa, as well as from the "Muslim" republics of the CIS (migration to Russia). This is due to a number of reasons: territorial proximity, existing historical ties, demographic processes and the state of the labor market in the countries of "exodus", etc. However, the current migration dynamics rather delineate the geographical scope of existing civilizations in the world.

The peer-reviewed study is several years away from the present time, although social processes of this type are quite inertial in nature. It is quite obvious that the value of the work carried out by the authors has not been lost, moreover, the work itself is quite relevant, and especially during the current systemic global crisis. A number of regions of the world (especially Europe and Russia) are at risk of population change in the long term, which can be mitigated by government policies that include:: 1) increasing the birth rate among the indigenous population4; 2) limiting external migrations; 3) better adaptation or even assimilation of newcomers; 4) increasing labor productivity, increasing longevity and improving the health of citizens.

It's a shame that this study was published in a tiny print run of 100 copies. However, this gives an incentive to republish the work, of course, provided that the data is updated, and the work itself is somewhat better structured. So far, this is the only such study in the Russian language, in which modern migration processes are considered on a planetary scale.

list of literature

Concept of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation // Nezavisimaya gazeta. 4.03.2013.

Kulikov D. The collapse of what cannot be / / However. 2.05.2011.

Mirzayan G. Migration trap // Expert. 2013. No. 8. 25 of the Federal Service for Transport and Communications of the Russian Federation-March 3.

Psrspilkin L. S. "Arab Spring" or "nuclear winter"? // Islam in the modern world. 2011(1). № 3-4 (23-24).

Psrspyilkin L. S. Chelovek v semey [Man in the family]. Reznik Yu.M., Tlostanova M. V. (eds.) Voprosy sotsial'noi teorii [Problems of natural reproduction in the European-Christian area]. Almanac-yearbook. 2011. T. V. Cheloveka izmenyushem mire: problemy identichnosti [In the changing world: Problems of identity]. Moscow, 2011(2).

Skosyrsv V. Kamsron puts a barrier for migrant workers / / Nezavisimaya gazeta. 26.03.2013.

4 The growth of the birth rate is hindered by the ongoing processes of decomposition of the family institution in countries with a European-Christian cultural tradition [Psrspslkin, 2011 (2)].

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