(based on materials from the Tolbor-4 and -15 parking lots)*

The paper is devoted to a comparative analysis of tool complexes and objects with regular secondary processing from the Early Upper Paleolithic horizons of the Tolbor-4 and -15 sites located in the Hangaya mountain system in northern Mongolia. During the existence of these industries, there has been a consistent evolution in the splitting technique from the use of large bipedal nuclei to produce elongated plates to the use of planar unidirectional and orthogonal nuclei. In addition, the morphology of blanks changed in the direction of decreasing their size. At the same time, the typological register of weapons remained almost unchanged. The main evidence of the development of cultural traditions in the field of making and using tools is an increase in the proportion of products made on flakes in the tool kit, and a decrease in the average size of tools. Analysis of materials from the Tolbor-4 and -15 sites makes it possible to show the preservation of cultural continuity from the initial to the final stage of the early Upper Paleolithic of Mongolia.

Keywords: Mongolia, Southern Siberia, early and early stages of the Upper Paleolithic, stone technologies, tool kit, industrial evolution.

Introduction

Over the past nine years (since 2004), more than 20 Stone Age sites have been discovered in Northern Mongolia, in the Khangai Mountain Country, in the valley of the Ikh-Tulbariin-Gol River, a right tributary of the Selenga River. Archaeological work in this region was carried out as part of a long-term

* This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, projects N 12-06-00037a "Technological portraits of Upper Paleolithic industries in Mongolia", 12 - 06 - 33041 mol_a_ved "Innovation and Conservatism in the Transitional Stone Age epochs of Central and Northern Asia", 13 - 06 - 1203 ofi-m " Paleoecology and chronology of critical stages of crop development Stone Age of Western Central Asia", 13 - 06 - 12002 ofi-m "Paleoecological and cultural context of human settlement of Altai in the Pleistocene".

programs of scientific cooperation between IAET SB RAS and the Institute of Archeology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences under the leadership of Academician A. P. Derevyanko. Most of the localities are objects with a surface occurrence of stone artifacts that belong to different periods of the Upper Paleolithic and Holocene time. Four sites are particularly important because they are stratified stratified Paleolithic sites: Tolbor-4, -15, -16, and -21 (hereinafter referred to as T-4, T-15, T-16, and T-21). The T-4 site was investigated for three field seasons (2004 - 2006), T-15 - four (2008-2011). The T-16 site was tested by exploration pits in 2010, and T-21-in 2011. The Kulyur-bearing horizons of these sites show materials from two Upper Paleolithic periods. At the top are complexes of Late Paleolithic and flake industries. A bone sample from the upper pit deposits at the T-16 monument was used to obtain the date 15,660 ± 40 BP (14938, Tubingen, Germany). In the lower deposits of the pits at the T-16 and -21 localities, several large plates dating back to the Early Upper Paleolithic were recorded. The age of these complexes is determined by the dates 33,320 ± ± 180 (14932, Tubingen, Germany) and > 45,400 BP (AA-93134, Tucson, USA) for T-16, 39,240 ± 360 and 44,640 ± 690 BP (14933 and 14936, Tubingen, Germany) for T-21.

The T-4 monument is located on a gentle slope of a deluvial plume, skirted by the Ikh-Bulag Stream, which soon flows into the Ikh River-

Table 1.

Radiocarbon dates of Paleolithic sites in the Ikh-Tulbariin-Gol river valley

* N 1-19-layers in excavations.

Tulbariin Gol, 6 km from the confluence of the latter with the Selenga river. The height of the monument is 36 m above the stream level, 59 m above the Ikh-Tulbariin-Gol river (distance to the river is 540 m), 1044 m above sea level. The total area of the excavations was 69 ^m2, and the total collection of stone artifacts totals more than 30 thousand items. In the section of the monument, six archaeological horizons are identified, lying directly on top of each other, without sterile interlayers. The thickness of the deposits containing artifacts increases as the distance from the edge of the plume ledge to its rear seam increases from 80-85 to 160-165 cm. The first three archaeological horizons are Late Paleolithic; for the third one, the date 14,547 ± 73 BP was obtained (AA-93139, Tucson, USA). Horizons 4-6 belong to the Early Upper Paleolithic (Table 1). A significant break in sedimentation is noteworthy between the accumulation of layers with the Early Upper Paleolithic industry and the beginning of the formation of the Final Paleolithic horizons. Based on the available dates, it falls on the interval of 26.0 - 14.5 thousand years AGO, which includes the beginning and coldest period of the Sartan glaciation in Northern Asia.

Stationary excavations of the multi-layered monument T-15 began in 2008. The parking lot is located on the second terrace of the Ikh-Tulbariin-Gol river, almost on its edge. The height of the terrace is 10-12 m above the river's edge. Part of the parking area was destroyed by a road quarry, in which the artifacts were brought to the surface, thanks to which the monument was discovered. In addition, two Hunnic mounds are located on the territory of the Paleolithic site, which significantly reduced the research area. In just four years of work on the monument, approximately 130 ^m2 of area was uncovered. The collection of artifacts obtained during the excavations totals more than 30 thousand items. There are six lithological divisions in the section, which contain seven archaeological horizons. The total thickness of loose sediments containing archaeological material varies from 2.2 to 2.4 m. The accumulation of the lower strata occurred under conditions close to modern ones. The parameters of accumulation of the overlying layer of slope genesis still retained the features of dynamism of the tectonic-climatic situation, its temperature and moisture-providing component, which is typical for periods of relative warming, for example, the Karginsky interstadial. The upper archaeological horizons of the T-15 site belong to the Final Paleolithic and date from 14-15 thousand years ago. An early Upper Paleolithic complex was discovered in horizons 5-7, which is 28-34 thousand years old (Table 1). In the section of the T-15 site, a break in sedimentation is also recorded, it falls on the interval 28-15 thousand hp

The rich material collected over the years of excavations at the T-4 and T-15 sites allows us to speak quite reasonably about the technological traditions of splitting and processing stone raw materials by the Upper Paleolithic population of this region and come close to considering such key problems as the formation of early Upper Paleolithic industries and their further development in this territory. During the study of complexes with monuments T-4 and T-15, a large series of radiocarbon dates was obtained, covering the period from the end of the Upper Paleolithic to the limit of the method itself (early Upper Paleolithic). This article examines the entire set of data related to the characteristics of tools and other items that have areas with regular secondary processing.

Raw materials for making artifacts

In all layers of the T-4 and T-15 sites, the petrographic composition of the stone raw materials from which the artifacts were made is uniform. These are medium-and fine-grained dark gray sandstones, siltstones, and siltstones. The primary outlets of raw materials are located at a distance of several hundred meters from the T-4 parking lot, then they extend along the sides of the valley of the Ikh-Tulbariin-Gol river and its tributaries for several kilometers from the monument. Another source of stone was the pebble alluvium of the river and its tributaries, the distance to them is currently from several tens of meters (T-15) to half a kilometer (T-4). Raw materials used at the T-15 and T-4 sites differ in their quality and degree of internal uniformity. On the first one, its source has not changed throughout the entire period of the parking lot's existence and is easily determined. This is the alluvial pebble of the Ikh-Tulbariin-Gol river. The situation at the T-4 monument looks more complicated. An analysis of the distribution of raw materials from primary and secondary sources of occurrence, based on counting the number of artifacts with traces of pebble and gall crusts on the dorsal surface, suggests that during the formation of horizons 5, 6, both types of sources located nearby were equally exploited, and the population that left the horizon 4 complex used mainly material from remote primary sources. sources [Derevyanko et al., 2007].

Composition of complexes

The composition of various categories of artifacts differs in a certain way. Attention is drawn to the large share of nuclei in industries (with the exception of IP).-

Table 2.

Main categories of stone tools from Tolbor-4 and -15 sites*

* Excluding scales, shards, and debris.

It is very small) and a significant percentage of nucleoid products (Table 2). The specific weight of tools in the collections ranges from 7.6 to 9.5 %, which is 2-3 times less than similar indicators of other Early Upper Paleolithic industries in Southern Siberia and Northern Mongolia [Vasiliev, Rybin, 2009]. There is a high proportion of non-retouched chips, and the percentage of flakes and debris is extremely high. In the T-4 collections, the latter make up 14.5% (horizons 5, 6) and 18.5% (horizon 4), and in the T-15 complex (horizons 5 - 7) - 19.9%. A large proportion of fragments is explained by the peculiarities of raw stone, some parts of which are characterized by a high degree of internal heterogeneity. The percentage of flakes in the T-4 collections reaches 16.5 (horizon 4) and 16.8 % (horizons 5.6), in the T-15 complex (horizons 5-7) - 24.3 %, i.e. almost every fourth artifact is a fine chip of the finish, which is associated with intensive processes of manufacturing and using tools.

Splitting technology

The early Upper Paleolithic stage at the T-4 site is represented by materials from horizons 6-4. These industries are heterogeneous, and time-directed changes in the splitting technology can be traced. The utilization of nuclei from horizons 5 and 6 was carried out within the framework of non-Levallois bipedal, and also, much less often, unidirectional parallel splitting, as evidenced by the presence of two main technomorphological categories of nuclei - planar and subprismatic. Splitting of the latter, which often have retouched laterals, was focused on obtaining large, massive plates of the correct shape. During bipedal splitting, pointed plates or chips were obtained that resemble elongated Levallois points, but are not technologically such. There are also peculiar flat micronuclei that have analogies in the materials of a number of Early-Upper Paleolithic sites in Southern Siberia (Kara-Bom, Tolbaga). All of them are made of chips or fragments of chips, and small plates of irregular shape were removed from them.

In the complex from horizon 4 of the T-4 site, there are distinct changes in the cleavage technology, which are manifested both in the composition of nuclei and in the morphology of cleavage products. Primary cleavage in this complex is represented by the same variants that we determined for industries from horizons 5, 6.However, there is a sharp increase in the proportion of planar, orthogonal, and cuboid nuclei, as well as a clear decrease in the size of cleavages and nuclei. On the fronts of cleavage of nuclei, compared with samples from the lower horizons, the number of negative chips with the proportions of flakes increases. There is a noticeable reduction in plate production and an increase in the share of flakes. In this industry, while maintaining the value of unidirectional splitting, the proportion of chips that retain traces of countercutting decreases significantly, and the share of orthogonal and unsystematic splitting increases sharply. Among the residual impact sites of chipping, non-faceted varieties predominate, with only 3% facetted (horizons 5, 6 - 8%).

Upper Paleolithic complexes from horizons 5-7 of the T-15 site are characterized by the same splitting techniques that are recorded on the T-4 site. Judging by the morphological features of numerous preforms, the predominant use of small oval pebbles as raw materials has undoubtedly affected the splitting technology. Planar, subprismatic, end-face, and orthogonal nuclei are represented here. Among the chips, flakes dominate, but there are also relatively large plates. A special feature of the industry is the largest share of plates among the Tolbor complexes of the early Upper Paleolithic. Items (chips and npcs-

leus), which have traces of bipedal two-site splitting, are significantly inferior in quantity to artifacts with signs of unidirectional and orthogonal splitting. Small subprismatic and planar nuclei with negatives of plate removals (including carenoid varieties) are significantly represented here. Some nuclei resemble wedge-shaped nuclei in their morphology (Gladyshev and Tabarev, 2009). In general, the T-15 Early Upper Paleolithic industry is close in technological parameters to the complex from horizon 4 of the T-4 site.

Morphological characteristics of the gun set

The total number of weapons that we analyzed was 2,009 copies. (Table 3). Their typology and features of secondary processing allow us to distinguish two main components of Early Upper Paleolithic industries from horizon 4 of the Tolbor-4 site (hereinafter referred to as T-4, G-4), horizons 5, 6 of this site (hereinafter referred to as T-4, G-5, 6), and from horizons 5 -7 Tolbor-15 monument (hereinafter referred to as T - 15, G 5-7).

We refer to the first component as the background group of tools. These are the most massively represented types that have not preserved evidence of any specific processing methods that make it possible to give them the meaning of artifacts that characterize a cultural tradition. They also often do not have a stable morphology. Secondary processing is fixed on various parts of the edge, and, as a rule, they occupy only a small part of it. The nature of the secondary processing of such items does not allow us to assume that they were intended for performing specialized labor operations or that their shape was set for use in composite tools. The aggregate share of such "informal" tools for each industry is identical: T-4, G-4 - 64.4 %; T-4, G-5, 6-64.3; T-15, G 5 - 7 - 62 %. Most likely, such a remarkable uniformism in the specific weight of the background group can be explained by the same labor operations in a stable natural environment and the use of stone raw materials of the same type.

The structure of "informal" tools includes toothed-notched, notched and toothed products. Their appearance was formed mainly by the superposition of isolated or consecutive retouched recesses forming a jagged working edge. The share of these guns is quite significant: from 9.6 % in T-15, G5-7 to 20.7 % in T-4, G4. Awl-shaped guns are a kind of" universal tools " of the Tolbor technocomplex. Most likely, they could be used both as punchers and as cutting tools. The main working element-the protruding spike-was distinguished on different parts of the product (distal end, corner, longitudinal edge) by a combination of retouching, various anchors and deliberate fragmentation of chips (Fig. 1, 1, 2; 2, 9, 10; 3, 5, b, 9). The greatest specific weight of awl-shaped guns in T-4, G-4 (27 %), in other industries it is significantly lower.

Very common (and in T-15, G 5 - 7 dominant) are flakes and plates with various areas of deliberate retouching on the edges (usually on one of the longitudinal ones). Their specific gravity directly reflects the features of primary cleavage. Plates with treated sections of the longitudinal edges are most common in T-4, G 5,6, retouched flakes - in T-15, G 5-7.

The second component of industries is tools (formal) aimed at performing specific operations. The correlation of their main types determines the typological features of Early Upper Paleolithic complexes in the valley of the Ikh-Tulbariin-Gol river. The specific weight and standardization, as well as the quality of processing of scrapers in the Upper Paleolithic of North and Central Asia, increase from the earliest to the latest stages. Materials from the Tolbor group of monuments confirm this trend. The share of scrapers remains insignificant throughout the early Upper Paleolithic, but in the most recent industries (T-4, D-4) it increases and reaches 7.4 %. Here, a series of carefully processed tools of this category can also be distinguished (see Fig. 1, b). All three industries are characterized by the simplest types of scrapers - transverse and longitudinal straight lines (Fig. 4, b). However, in all complexes there are tools on which the same processing element is fixed, namely, the preparation of the ventral plane using a series of flattening chips (see Fig. 1, 7; 3, 7; 4, 7). Bright a special feature of these industries is the presence of bifacially processed scrapers (see Fig. 4, 12), the most numerous in T-4, G 5, 6, where they have a two-sided processing that occupies most of the perimeter.

The leading typological group, both in quantitative and qualitative terms, is the scrapers. Their share varies slightly and ranges from 14.9 to 18.2 % of all guns. If we analyze the ratio of different types of scrapers within this category, then significant differences are revealed. The vast majority of products have a working edge in the distal segment of the workpiece. The most numerous types of end scrapers with a semicircular working edge are designed-

Table 3.

Typological list of guns from the Tolbor-4 and -15 sites

End of Table 3

1. Guns from horizon 4 of the Tolbor-4 site. 1,2-awl-shaped tools; 3-terminal scraper with a high edge; 4-carenoid scraper; 5-scraper with a "spout"; 6 - scraper processed on ^3/4 of the perimeter; 7-double convergent scraper; 8, 12-points with a blunted edge; 9-tool with a transverse underflow of the distal end; 10 - a plate with a petiole; 11-a beveled (truncated) tip; 13 - a symmetrical tip with a thin base; 14 - an angular incisor.

2. Guns from horizons 5 and 6 of the Tolbor-4 site.

1,2-symmetrical points with ventral terminal adjustment; 3-5 - points with blunted edge; 6,7 - beveled (truncated) points; 8-point with blunted edge and ventral terminal adjustment; 9 - awl-shaped tool with petiole; 10-spike-shaped tool; 11-incisor-nucleus; 12-knife; 13 - scraper with a "spout"; 14-bone tip.

3. Tools from horizons 5-7 of the Tolbor-15 site. 1-terminal scraper at the proximal end; 2-terminal scraper; 3-scraper with a "spout"; 4-double terminal scraper; 5, 6, 9-spike-shaped tools; 7 - scraper with ventral underflow, processed according to all around the perimeter; 8-ploughs.

4. Tools from horizons 5 and 6 of the Tolbor-4 site. 1-double angle scraper; 2-double end scraper; 3-end scraper with a high edge; 4-end scraper; 5-carenoid scraper; 6-longitudinal scraper; 7-longitudinal scraper with ventral underflow; 8 - plate with petiole; 9-tool with a transverse underflow of the distal end; 10-chisel-shaped tool; 11-bifacial knife; 12-bifacial scraper.

on the transverse face with parallel and scaly retouching (see fig. 3, 1, 2; 4, 4). In T-4, G 5, 6, they make up more than half of all scrapers (as a rule, they are made of large elongated plates), in T-15, G 5-7-more three-thirds (the main billet is flakes), in T-4, G-4 their share is much less. Among these tools, there are also double end scrapers (see Figs. 3, 4), including those made of large plates with an intercept that resemble Aurignacian ones (T-4, G 5, 6) (see Figs. 4, 2). Angular shapes are most common in T-4, G 4 (4, 7), they make up more than half of all scrapers. Less common are high-shaped scrapers (see Fig. 1, 3; 4, 3). Some tools in their morphological features are close to karenoid products (see Figs. 1,4; 4, 5). Scrapers with a spout are also presented (see Fig. 1, 5; 2, 13; 3, 3).

Other types of specialized weapons are small in number (from ten items to units). At the same time, their significance as an indicator of the development of a particular industry and the cultural and/or technological connections of Tolbor sites with other complexes of the early Upper Paleolithic is very high. One of the most striking groups of tools is spearheads (from 1.6 to 3.0%). It includes items that use secondary processing to set the convergence of sides, as a result of which a pointed working element is formed on one of the longitudinal edges of the workpiece. Among them, a separate type stands out - beveled (tronked) points, represented in all three complexes. In these tools made of plates, the distal part of the longitudinal face is treated with a tronking retouch, which forms the contours of the working edge diagonal to the axis of symmetry of the product (see Fig. 1, 77; 2, 6, 7; 5,3). Beveled (tronked) points are found in many industries of the early Upper Paleolithic of Southern Siberia and Mongolia (Kara-Bom, Denisova Cave, Kamenka A, Podzvonkaya, Chikhen-2) [Derevyanko, 2001; Derevyanko et al., 1998, 2000; Natural environment and man in the Paleolithic..., 2003; Tashak, 1996; Natural environment and man in the Neo-Pleistocene..., 2003]. Another type that is no less significant for the complexes under consideration is points with a blunted edge (back). These items were most likely intended to be fixed in composite tools. They are made on lamellar chips, most often fragmented. One longitudinal edge of the tools is treated with vertical step and parallel retouching, which forms a kind of back of the product and sets its pointed contours (see Fig. 1, 8, 12; 2, 3 - 5; 5,1, 6). These tools were found in all layers of the initial and early Upper Paleolithic stages of the monuments analyzed here. Their specific weight among artefacts is consistently high, accounting for 50-75% of the number of artefacts in this typological group. Indicative is the change in the nature of the billet of products when

5. Tools from horizons 5-7 of the Tolbor-15 site. 1 - blunted edge tip; 2-knife; 3 - slanted (tronked) tip; 4 - blunted edge tip and ventral terminal adjustment; 5-blunted edge plate; 6 - blunted edge tip; 7 - flat incisor; 8, 12 - plates with petiole; 9-carenoid scraper; 10, 11-bifacial knives of the remaining stable morphology of secondary processing. In T-4, G-5, 6, they were made both from plates and from plates, in later industries - exclusively from plates. In addition, in T-15, G 5-7, a series of plates with a blunted edge without a highlighted tip is presented (see Figs. 5, 5). A very significant type of products are points with a ventral sub-cast of the transverse edge. These tools are characteristic of the initial stage of the Upper Paleolithic of Siberia and can be considered as a kind of reminiscence of the Emiratic points of the Levant. They are found in the earliest Upper Paleolithic complexes in large areas (Kara-Bom, Maloyalomanskaya cave, Ust-Karakol-1, Kara-Tenesh in Gorny Altai, Makarovo-4 in the Baikal Region, Kamenka A in Transbaikalia (Rybin, 2000; Derevyanko et al., 1998; Problemy..., 1998; Aksenov, 2009 Natural environment and man in the Neo-Pleistocene..., 2003]). For such tools, the processing of the longitudinal edges of the plates is characterized by modifying retouching, which sets the convergence. One transverse edge of the product is treated with flat chips and retouching on the ventral side (see Figs. 2,1, 2). Obviously, this made it possible to fix the tools in any attachments. In Mongolia, such tools are found only in the most ancient strata (T-4, G-5, 6), which confirms the chronological data. A variant of this type is the points with a blunted back and a base corrected with light ventral retouching (see Figs. 2, 8; 5, 4), as well as symmetrical cusps with dorsal thinning (see Figs. 1, 13).

Along with the usual plates for Tolbor complexes with retouching applied on the longitudinal edges, the T-4 and T-15 type common to the Early Upper Paleolithic industries is distinguished - plates with a retouched base (petiole). In them, a vertical strongly modifying dorsal step retouch formed a base in the proximal part of the blank, thinned from the laterals (see Fig. 1, 10; 4, 8; 5, 8, 12). These products are most abundant in T-4, G-5,6. Their analogues are known in the Gorny Altai (Kara-bom) and Transbaikalia (Tolbaga) (Derevyanko et al., 1998; Vasiliev and Rybin, 2009).

Another type of tool that is characteristic of the lower layers of both sites is products with ventral underflow of the distal end. Similar tools (typologically similar to the so-called Kostenkov knives) are found in the complexes of the earliest Upper Paleolithic sites in Altai (Kara-Bom), Transbaikalia (Kamenka and Podzvonkaya), and Mongolia (Orkhon-7). In these products, the transverse distal face is treated with flat small chips and retouching, forming a straight or slightly curved working edge (see Fig. 1, 9; 4, 9) [Rybin, 2006].

Incisors in the Tolbor industries of the early Upper Paleolithic are usually not very expressive. They are represented by simple forms of angular (see Figures 1, 14), flat (see Figures 5, 7) and median incisors. However, the so-called incisors-nuclei are unusual and expressive. A series of these products (18 copies) is available in T-4, G 5, 6. On the narrow end face (possibly a chipping fountain) of objects, negatives of shots of elongated chips of small width are preserved. Incisors-nuclei were made from edge plates, chipped retu-

formed edges of subprismatic nuclei and large primary flakes. On the narrow side of the products, negatives of counter-shots of narrow plates can be traced. At the opposite ends of the blanks, shock pads strongly sloped towards the sharp counter-front (or lateral) were formed, additionally corrected along the edge by retouching (see Figs. 2, 11). These objects have a direct analogy in the Kara-Bom (Gorny Altai) and Kamenka (Transbaikalia)parking complexes [Derevyanko et al., 1998; Zwyns et al., 2012]. An unambiguous definition of such forms as nuclei or tools is difficult; the morphology of products of this type from the T-4 parking lot still indicates in favor of attributing them to a kind of cutting tools.

In T-15, G 5-7, the proportion of uniform knives is very high-forms with the edge, artificially formed or natural, and the cutting working edge opposite it, processed by retouching (see Fig. 5,2). In T-4, D-5.6, there are only a few such items (see Fig. 2, 12). In all three complexes there are few (1 - 3 specimens) bifacial knives. They have an elongated oval (leaf-shaped) and sub-rectangular shape. The cross-section of the guns from the T-4 parking lot is plano-convex (see Figs. 4, 11), from the T-15 monument - biconvex (see Figs. 5, 10, 11). In these products, both planes are treated with centripetal and longitudinal chips, and the edges are corrected with scaly and parallel retouching. The sharp-angled blade suggests that the tools were used as knives. Analogs of these products are found in the Upper Paleolithic materials of the Kara-Bom site (Derevyanko and Shunkov, 2002). What unites the T-15 and T-4 complexes is the presence of shrouds in bifacial forms (including bifacial scrapers with a shroud).

Ploughs are very representative in the materials of the Lower T-15 horizons, which are rare in the Early Upper Paleolithic T-4 industries. This is a widespread type of tool on the Upper Paleolithic sites of Siberia. As a rule, ploughs are made of pebbles or massive fragments, part of the circumference of which is treated with short steep chips. The resulting high blade was corrected with a steep or steep step retouch (see Figures 3, 8). Unusual for the early Upper Paleolithic of the region is the extreme rarity of chisel-like tools (see Figures 4, 10). In T-4, G - 5, 6 and T-15, G-7, the proportion of chisel-like tools is relatively high combined tools, which is typical for a wide range of Early Upper Paleolithic industries in Siberia. Various combinations of morphological elements of the main typological groups identified in the complexes are presented: scrapers, scalloped-notched and awl-shaped tools.

A striking and unique find for the Paleolithic of Mongolia is a formal bone tool from horizon 6 of the T-4 site. The tip, made of dense bone material, bears traces of processing localized in the petiole part, as well as prolonged use, which resulted in strong polishing of the tip (see Figs. 2, 14). It was on the basis of this product that ¹⁴ C was obtained-the date of 37,400 BC for this cultural horizon.

Typology and morphology of blanks for guns

The lowest total specific weight of all categories of flakes among tool blanks, both covered with a natural crust and without traces of such, in T-4, G 5, 6 (43, 3 %), it is slightly larger in T-4, G-4 and increases sharply in T-15, G - 5-7 (Table 4). The total share of preform plates in T-4, G-5, and 6 is 50.3%; it decreases in later complexes, while the smallest one is recorded in T-15, G - 5 and 7 (29 %). Data on differences in the morphological composition of lamellar forms are indicative. Large elongated pointed plates obtained by bipedal splitting, which are characteristic of the earliest stages of the Upper Paleolithic, account for 1.9% of all cleavage blanks in T-4, G-5, and 6; they are extremely small in T-15, G - 7, and not at all in T-4, G-4. At the same time, the specific weight of plates (whose width is 6-12 mm) in later complexes is 2 times higher than in T-4, G 5,6. The proportion of tools made of rib plates, which played a significant role in the primary splitting of the industry of the initial Upper Paleolithic of the Tolbor region, when the splitting technology was changed very sharply decreases.

For a better understanding of what were the principles of selection of blanks, it is necessary to consider the ratio of different categories of non-retouched chips that were not used for the manufacture of tools (Table 5). The total proportion of non-retouched flakes with traces of natural crust and without them is the same in T-4, G - 4 and T-15, G-7 - approx. 77 %. This indicator is 10% lower in T-4, G-5, 6. The proportion of chips with crust is high in all industries, but it is unexpected that it was the smallest in the T-15, G - 5-7 complex, the artifacts of which were made from nearby river pebbles (it is also low among blanks for guns). Probably, the primary processing of the nuclei was carried out outside the parking lot and the primary chips as a blank were less interested in the ancient masters. What unites the industries we analyze is a pronounced focus on plate chips when choosing blanks for tools. Total share

See Table 4.

Blanks for guns from the Tolbor-4 and -15 sites

See Table 5.

Typological composition of non-retouched chips* from the Tolbor-4 and -15 parking lots

* Free of waste and nuclei.

non-retouched plates in T-4, G 5, 6 is 30.1 %, which is 20% lower than the specific weight of plate forms among tool blanks. In T-4, G-4 and T-15, G - 5-7 it is less - 18-19 %. At the same time, the share of plates among tool blanks exceeds this indicator in T-4, G-4 by more than 2 times, in T - 15, G - 5-7-by 10 %. The target weight of plates among non-retouched chips is slightly higher than among tool blanks. This suggests that the plates were largely a byproduct of cleavage. However, even here we can trace a slight increase in their share in later complexes.

Consider the morphometric parameters of lamellar chips. The entire set of whole plates (both retouched and non-retouched) was divided by their length into four size groups: 60 mm and less; 61 - 90; 91 - 120; 121 mm or more. Since the industries under consideration mainly used local raw materials, the utilization of stone did not lead to significant depletion of nuclei and a decrease in the size of tools. Therefore, comparing the length of non-retouched and retouched items is valid. From 13.9 to 21.7 % (depending on the size of the

groups) of all whole plates in T-4, G 5, 6 were re-issued as guns. The lowest indicators are typical for the first size group, while in the rest they are approximately the same. In later industries, plates longer than 120 mm were practically not used for making tools. Low rates in the first size group (T-15, G 5 - 7 - 11,5 %, T-4, G-4-15.3 %). The most used in labor operations and subjected to secondary processing are plates with a length of 61-90 and 91-120 mm, which together make up 64.9 % in T-4, G4, and 15% in T-15, G 5 - 7 - 78,5 %. Thus, the analysis of preserved artifacts shows that in the late industries of the early Upper Paleolithic of this region, most of the medium-sized plate blanks were re-formed into tools.

Despite the predominant use of plates for the production of tools, over time, preferences in choosing the morphology of workpieces changed. In T-4, G-5, 6 (only whole chips were taken into account), the average elongation index (the ratio of length to width) was 1.72, in T-4, G-4-1.53, in T-15, G 5 - 7 - 1,55. Thus, despite the relatively small specific gravity of lamellar forms In the industries of the developed and late stages of the Early Upper Paleolithic, there is a clear attraction to shorter and wider preforms as tool blanks. This is also reflected in the outlines of the tools, which were determined by the features of the blanks. In all industries, rectangular tools predominate (only whole products were taken into account) (T-4, G-5, 6 - 55.3 %; T-4, G-4 - 45.6; T-15, G 5 - 7 - 53.1 %); the proportion of trapezoids in later complexes (T-4, Y4 - 29.6 %, T-15, Y 5 - 7 - 33,6 %) is noticeably higher than in T-4, D-5, 6 (23.7 %). Triangular-shaped weapons range from 8.6 % (T - 15, G5-7) to 15.2 % (T-4, G4). The total specific weight of other shape variations (oval, segmented, amorphous) does not exceed 10 %.

Let's consider the main metric characteristics of the most representative categories of the tool set, as well as all tools in general (Table 6). With the exception of points, only non-fragmented items were taken into account. The highest average value of the length of all guns in T-4, G 5, 6, width and thickness - in T-15, G 5-7; in T-4, G 4, all three indicators are the smallest. When considering specific categories of the tool kit, larger sizes of scrapers and scrapers are clearly traced, as well as the toothed-notched component in T-4, G 5, 6. The most noticeable difference between the early and later complexes is noted when comparing the metric characteristics of retouched plates and flakes. For the first category of items, the largest sizes are marked in T-4, G - 5,6, the smallest-in T - 15, G-5-7. Retouched flakes are larger in T-15, G - 5-7.

An analysis of the distribution of plate blanks of tools considered within the same four size groups discussed above (only whole items were taken into account) shows that most of the tools made from plates less than 60 mm long are in the chronologically most recent period.

Table 6.

Basic metric indicators of guns from the Tolbor-4 and -15 parking lots, mm

Note: the first digit is the average size, and after the dash is the standard deviation.

in the T-4 complex (40.7%), in the rest their specific weight does not exceed 22 %. In all industries, the most representative group of tools on plates is products with a length of 61-90 mm (T-4, G - 5, 6-42.9 %; T - 4, G-4-44.4; T-15, G 5 - 7 - 57,1 %). The share of longer plates varies from 14.8 % in T-4, G-4 to 34.9 % in T-4, G-5, 6 with an intermediate indicator of 21.4 % in T-15, G - 7. Thus, the differences in the size of plate shapes are reduced to the fact that in later industries the expansion of the number of plates is increasing. use of plates of shorter length as blanks than in the earliest complex, where there are more large plates.

Nature of secondary processing

In most of the tools, retouching is localized on the dorsal plane (T-4, R 5,6-69,2 %; T-4, R 4-64,4; T-15, R 5 - 7 - 64,1 ventral is less common (14, 16.9, and 15.7%, respectively). Alternating, opposite and bifacial retouching in all three complexes is recorded on 15-20% of the guns.

The typology of retouching, according to the shape of facets, is somewhat more diverse (Table 7). More than half of the tools (55.4%) in T-4, G-5, and 6 carry parallel retouching. In T-4, G-4 and T - 15, G-5-7, the share of the step type increases (the maximum indicator is 16.9 % in T-4, G-4, obviously due to the highest percentage of scrapers in the gun set), the specific weight of the scale type is also high. In these industries, the participation of parallel retouching in the shaping of tools is reduced relative to T-4, G-5, 6 by 5-10 %. The proportion of anchos combined with various types of retouching is very high in T-4 complexes; in T-15, G 5 - 7, it is 2 times less.

An additional characteristic of secondary processing can be the results of analyzing the frequency of occurrence of different morphological elements (different types of retouching, various subtractions, incisive chips and traces of deliberate fragmentation) on one tool. Two or three morphological elements have 33.7 % of the guns in T-4, G-5, and 6. In other industries, this indicator is much lower: in T-15, G-5-7 -22.9 %, in T-4, G-4-15.3 %, and there are no tools with three morphological elements.

The technique of deliberate fragmentation was widespread in the Tolbor industries. It is very characteristic of the early Upper Paleolithic of Transbaikalia, for example, for the Tol-bag site [Konstantinov, 1994]. Traces of deliberate fragmentation were recorded on 18.9 % of the guns in T-4, G-5, 6, 22.9 % in T-15, G - 7 and 28.8 % in T-4, G-4, where the largest proportion of fragmented guns is noted. The most common technique was truncation of the tool or cleavage of the workpiece using transverse blows (56-70 % of all fragmented products with a maximum share in T-4, G-4). In 45% of the guns in T-4, G 5,6 and T-15, G 5 - 7, the fragmentation site was additionally corrected by retouching.

Secondary finishing in the industrial complexes of the Tolbor group of monuments of the early Upper Paleolithic is characterized by a significant proportion of retouching, which changes the shape of the tool edge to an average and strong degree. In T-4, G 5, 6 guns with such processing make up 55.5 %, in T-15, G 5 - 7 - 60,4, in T-4, G-4 -64.4 %. The largest share of products with highly modifying retouching (20.4 %) was noted in T-15, G - 5-7. Here, the specific weight of items with secondary processing of half and most of the perimeter is significantly higher. In T-4, T-5, 6 and T-4, T-4 guns with retouching of a shorter length (1/4 of the perimeter or less) make up 61.2 and 66.7%, respectively.

In general, the analysis of secondary processing indicates a desire for intensive and diverse use of tools, characterized by traces of numerous reissues and the presence of modifying retouching, which occupies significant areas.

See Table 7.

Typological characteristics of retouching guns from the Tolbor-4 and -15 parking lots

Discussion

Analysis of the typology and morphology of Early Upper Paleolithic tool complexes originating from two layered sites located in the same valley and based on the same raw materials revealed the nature of the evolution of human culture over at least 10 thousand years. A series of dates makes it possible to build a sequence of technological changes from the most ancient complexes (T-4, G-5, 6) through intermediate chronological positions (T-15, G - 7) to the most recent industry (T-4, G-4). Materials from the Tolbor sites allow us to trace the evolution of the splitting technique throughout the early Upper Paleolithic period. Complexes from horizons 5 and 6 T-4 are characterized by bipedal parallel splitting, which is aimed at producing elongated plates, including pointed plates with a bipedal cut that are specific for the earliest Upper Paleolithic industries of the region. Tolbor complexes are classified as non-facetted, with natural, smooth, point-like, and linear residual impact sites predominating. Splitting technology is aimed at the production of flakes using parallel unidirectional, orthogonal and "haphazard" (situational) splitting. Although the share of wafers in industries is small, there are a small number of subprismatic nuclei of the parallel splitting principle, including, possibly, spin-out micronuclei intended for the production of plates and microplates.

The main evidence of the development of cultural traditions in the field of making and using tools is an increase in the proportion of flakes among blanks and a decrease in the average size of tools. In the tool kit, the specific weight of scrapers, awl-shaped products and retouched flakes increases. Some specific types of formal tools are represented either only in the earliest complex T-4, G-5, and 6 (incisors-nuclei, symmetrical points with ventral edge subtraction, bifacial scrapers), or only in later ones (plates with a blunted edge, micro scrapers). However, the remaining characteristics of the tools remain stable: the leading role of the most numerous groups of products - scrapers, toothed-notched and awl-shaped tools-remains. The methods of making these objects throughout the early Upper Paleolithic remain the same. The main characteristics of secondary processing remain stable, with the exception of an increase in the share of retouching, which is typical for the design of scrapers, serrated-notched and awl-shaped tools, in T-4, G 4. We can not name any unique method of correcting tools for any complex. It is very important that, despite the decrease in the share of plates among blanks, there is still a desire in all industries to use them as intensively as possible for the manufacture of tools.

Highly significant is the presence of a large and diverse group of specialized formal tools, represented in all layers. Among them are karenoid scrapers, truncated points, points with a blunted edge, tools with a transverse ventral sub-cast of the distal edge, bifacial knives, plates with a petiole. They carry significant information about the genetic relationships of population groups that left stratigraphically consistent complexes of artifacts, and are evidence of the transfer of cultural traditions, despite the change in the splitting technique. There are also specific ways of finishing tools (such as processing the distal end of the scrapers from the ventral side, undercoating the ventral tubercle, creating a petiole at the tools). All these signs can be evidence of the transfer of stylistic features of the manufacture of tools that occurred over generations.

Conclusion

The main trend in the development of industries at the Tolbor-4 and -15 sites can be formulated as follows: changes in the splitting technique while maintaining common features in the tool kit. Two cultural and chronological complexes are distinguished: the initial stage of the Upper Paleolithic and the final stage of its early stage. The first one is represented by materials from horizons 5, 6 of the Tolbor-4 site. The closest analogies (taking into account both the splitting technique and specific, "rare" types of tools) can be found in the materials of South Siberian and Mongolian sites: Orkhon-1 (horizon 3), Moiltyn-am (horizons 5 - 3) (Mongolia); Kamenka A, Podzvonkaya (eastern and lower complexes), Khotyk (layers 3, 4) (Southwestern Transbaikalia); Makarovo-4 (Baikal region); Kara-Bom (VP6 - 5 layer), Ust-Karakol-1 (layer 3, excavations in 1986), Denisova cave (layer 11), Kara-Tenesh (Gorny Altai) [Derevyanko et al., 1998; Natural environment and man in the Paleolithic..., 2003; Derevyanko, Kandyba, and Petrin, 2010; Problems..., 1998; Okladnikov, 1981; Bertran et al., 1998; Natural environment and man in the Neo-Pleistocene..., 2003; Tashak, 1996, 2002; Aksenov, 2009]. Individual layers or horizons within the layers of these monuments are dated in the range of 45-35 thousand years ago. Direct analogies with Tolbor complexes can be traced in the material-

lah Shuidonggou (Northern China), where the age of the lower cultural layers of points 1 (layer LCL-B) and 2 (layers CL7 and CL5a), as shown by new dating results, is 34-38 thousand years [Li et al., 2013], which is close to the radiocarbon age T-4, D 5, 6. A certain peculiarity of the splitting technique, a different ratio of certain categories of the tool set, the absence of separate types of tools - all this is inevitable with such a large area of distribution of industries. However, in the above-mentioned regions, common features are observed: orientation towards obtaining large elongated plates using planar splitting, subprismatic splitting, including those aimed at the production of plates. In the most ancient complexes, an important role of bipedal splitting, aimed at obtaining pointed plates and chips resembling Levallois points, and a significant proportion of faceted impact pads can be noted. Among the tools, in addition to the common scrapers, retouched plates and serrated products for all complexes, symmetrical points with ventral flattening of the impact tubercle, incisors-nuclei, tools with ventral subtraction of the distal end, points with a blunted edge and tronked, bifaces (including leaf-shaped ones) and plates with a petiole decorated with retouching should be distinguished. In general, this complex of artifacts can be defined as the South Siberian-Central Asian initial stage of the Upper Paleolithic.

The final stage of the Early Upper Paleolithic includes materials from horizon 4 of the Tolbor-4 site and from horizons 5-7 of the Tolbor-15 site, dated in the range of 31-26 thousand BP, which corresponds to the final MIS-3. Based on the presence of common types of marking tools and features of secondary processing, we assume that these industries have direct cultural and genetic links with the Early Upper Paleolithic ones. Thus, the local cultural and stratigraphic sequence of genetically related lamellar industries of the initial stage of the Upper Paleolithic and flakes of its early stage can be traced using the example of Early Upper Paleolithic sites in the valley of the Ikh-Tulbariin-Gol river. Synchronous complexes with significant similarities include Orkhon-7 (horizons 3 and 4), Chihen-2, and Durulj (Mongolia) [Derevyanko, Kandyba, and Petrin, 2010; Slavinsky and Tsybankov, 2006; Kolobova, Slavinsky, and Tsybankov, 2007; Derevyanko et al., 2000; Jaubert et al., 2004]. It is quite possible that the most recent complexes from the Tolbor-4 (horizon 4) and -15 (horizon 5) sites were direct precursors of the final stage industries of the early Upper Paleolithic of Transbaikalia (according to some researchers, the middle stage of the Upper Paleolithic) with their orientation to orthogonal and prismatic splitting, the appearance of micro-splitting, and a tool set that includes numerous tools. scrapers, scrapers, awl-shaped tools, points on plates (sites of Masters Klyuch (layers 4, 5), Chitkan, Melnichny-2, Kunalei (layers 2, 3), Kamenka B) [Konstantinov, 1994; Meshcherin, 2009, 2010; Natural environment and man in the Neo-Pleistocene..., 2003]. On the territory of Northern China, industries focused on producing large plates were replaced by complexes characterized by a simple flake production technology, and this process apparently took place within the same time frame (29-24 Ka BP) as in Mongolia [Li et al., 2013].

Analysis of materials from the Tolbor-4 and -15 sites makes it possible to show the preservation of cultural continuity from the initial to the final stage of the early Upper Paleolithic of Mongolia. All available data (including chronological ones) indicate a consistent and gradual change in the traditions of plate splitting by flaking technology. Since we have no grounds for identifying any radical cultural changes in this territory over at least 15 thousand years, we can assume with high probability that at the early stage of the Upper Paleolithic in Northern Mongolia there was no population replacement or the appearance of intrusive technocomplexes.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 23.05.13, in the final version-on 10.06.13.

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