On June 9, 2015, the Center for Research on Russian-African Relations and Foreign Policy of the Institute of African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences organized a scientific conference " African Migration: impact on international relations ". In addition to the Institute's staff, scientists from the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, RUDN University, MGI(U) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Washington University in St. Louis (USA), representatives of the African diplomatic corps accredited in Moscow, representatives of the African diaspora in Russia, the Federal Migration Service of the Russian Federation, and Russian non-governmental organizations

The diaspora is one of the most significant manifestations of the processes of globalization in the economy and politics. In the 1980s and 2000s, the second major migration "wave" occurred, affecting almost 1 billion people: internal migration accounted for 740 million people, cross-border (international) migration accounted for 215-230 million people.

According to the World Bank, the number of African international migration is estimated at 30.6 million people, and taking into account illegal migration, 40 million.

Until the end of the Cold War, migration issues did not attract much attention from researchers. However, the situation has changed over the past three decades. Diasporas have become influential players in international relations. They influence the dynamics of international security problems, the formation of responses to new challenges and threats, and bilateral relations between countries of origin and host countries of migrants.

The aim of the conference was to help identify the extent and mechanisms of the influence of African diasporas on the system of international relations, domestic and foreign policies of the countries of "exodus" and host countries in the context of the formation of a polycentric world order.

D. M. Bondarenko, Acting Director of the Institute of Africa, welcomed the audience. He presented the report "Global Governance and the Diaspora: the case of migrants from Africa to the United States". The report stated that in 2013-2014, a group of employees of the Institute of Africa of the Russian Academy of Sciences, with the support of the Russian Foundation for National Science and Science, conducted a study of black communities in the United States in six US states and in a number of cities - Boston, Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia and Chicago. The result showed that recent migrants from many African countries have developed diasporas as networked communities. Moreover, these are diasporas of immigrants from individual countries of the continent, and not a single "African diaspora". On the one hand, migration as the most important phenomenon of globalization should become objects of global governance through regulation at the transnational level and migration flows and norms of existence in different countries of foreign communities of origin. On the other hand, diasporas generated by migrations can (and objectively are) agents of global governance, social and political - transnational in nature-influence on individual societies and States, both sending and receiving migrants. Data on African diasporas in the United States confirms the truth of these theses.

The majority of respondents believe that African diasporas should take an active part in the social and political life of their countries. However, a significant part of migrants provide targeted assistance to specific people who have remained in their homeland. The forms of such assistance are diverse, but the main one is money transfers. For many countries in Africa, income from compatriots from abroad is a significant part of national income. Thanks to the money transfers of emigrants, African states have the opportunity to reduce the level of social tension. At the same time, there is a need to build relations with the host countries of migrants and the efforts of embassies and consulates with the diasporas themselves.

Africans are a minority among recent immigrants to the United States. Nevertheless, directly or indirectly, they have a certain impact on public life and public policy not only in their home countries, but also in the host country - the United States. This confirms the thesis that the development of norms and the establishment of rules for global governance is not only a matter for political actors, but also for the globalizing civil society, its institutions and organizations. A recent example is the public discussion in the American establishment, including President Barack Obama, of the state's immigration policy, which is the reason for

This was the summit of the leaders of the United States and African countries held in Washington on August 4-6, 2014. It is noteworthy that the discussion was attended by representatives of Africans living in the United States, who stated that the state does not pay enough attention to their needs and the need to take their position into account when planning immigration reform. Many highly educated Africans who have managed to achieve a decent social status strive to make their collective voice heard in society and the state at the local and national levels, investing their energy and resources in the activities of various migrant organizations. These associations are becoming new units of American civil society. Thus, diasporas influence the public life, domestic and foreign policies of both the African states that send them and the United States that receive them, and contribute to the formation of principles and mechanisms for managing global phenomena and processes.

E. N. Korendyasov's report touched upon the role of migration policy in relations between African states and industrialized countries - the main recipients of African migrants. 55% of African migrants live in the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), including 22% (4.1 million people) from Algeria and Morocco. Almost 9% of African migrants come from France, 4% from the United States, Great Britain, and Italy. Involvement in the global migration systems of African countries opens up opportunities for increasing the continent's role in shaping the new world order, accelerating the pace of development, and strengthening its independent foreign policy. However, the realization of these opportunities comes up against the desire of economically developed countries to subordinate migration processes, as well as globalization in general, to their own interests.

Migration policy issues are among the most sensitive areas of relations between African countries of migrant outflow and Western countries of their reception. The Europeans do not recognize the unrestricted right of movement of migrants from developing countries, tightening migration conditions. The European Commission is calling for the admission of 40,000 refugees who have accumulated over the past two years, primarily in Italy and Greece. Quotas are proposed: for Germany-8763 people (21.91%), for France - 6752 (16.88%), Spain - 4283 (10.72%). Brussels officials promise 6 thousand euros for each migrant. This caused widespread discontent in European countries. The final decision has not been made.

The policy of multiculturalism has failed. Alienation of minorities and discontent in society have increased. Immigrants remain outsiders in society: 49% of Germans perceive the presence of Islamic communities as a threat to their national identity; 74% of French people believe that Islam is incompatible with French society. The ghettoization of migrant communities and the alienation of the country's population from them creates the ground for extreme nationalism, religious extremism, and international criminality. There are thousands, if not tens of thousands, of "messengers" from the migration communities of Western countries in the ranks of IS.

The African diaspora in Russia was the main topic of the first part of the meeting. The discussion began with a speech by E. N. Korendyasov, who noted that Russia is the second largest center of the world's immigration system after the United States: 12.3 million people living in the country were born outside of it (44 million in the United States). However, the existing legislation in the field of migration management is far from perfect. The practical work of the Federal Migration Service bodies is also flawed. It is possible to state the presence of xenophobic sentiments against migrants, although the number of such actions is decreasing. According to the Sova Information and Analytical Center (NGO), 18 people were killed and 94 injured in xenophobic attacks in 24 regions in 2014. All this points to the need to improve migration policy.

Demba Soumare, Vice-President of the Federation of Migrants in Russia, stressed that the number of Africans living in Russia has decreased. An order of magnitude fewer Africans come to Russia to study due to the high cost of education and small scholarships. Africans living in the Russian Federation are mostly graduates of Russian universities who have married Russian citizens, and their children. Many of them received Russian citizenship. These people have difficulties getting a job and getting a decent salary. The most acute problem is illegal migrants, who are usually victims of fraudsters. They go to Russia with the hope of continuing their journey and reaching the countries of the European Union. Once without funds and without documents, they are "detained" in Moscow for an indefinite period and often fall into the clutches of mafia structures. It happens that they get" patronage " of the police for a bribe. Community organizations in Moscow and St. Petersburg are trying to

to help them-establish contacts with embassies of African countries, with relatives in the countries of origin. Civil society organizations operating in Russia, such as Migratorland, provide assistance to Africans in distress. Oleg Dementiev , spoke about the organization's activities to support migrants who find themselves in difficult situations, to help them obtain documents, get a job, and leave for their homeland.

Attention of the audience was drawn to the speech of the chairman of the non-governmental organization "Civil Assistance" S. A. Gannushkina, who informed the conference participants about the activities of this organization in solving problems related to the situation of international migrants living in Russia. She criticized the norms and practices of state bodies dealing with migration issues: difficulties in granting the status of political refugees, in particular citizens from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which has become the scene of a long-term bloody conflict, refusals to respond to requests from illegal immigrants to help them leave for their homeland. which provides legal and legal assistance to African immigrants. At the same time, she believes that solving the problems of adaptation and integration of migrants in Russia is impossible without the active and broad involvement of civil society structures.

Oleg Artamonov , spoke about the activities of the Federal Migration Service of Russia and new legislative initiatives designed to improve the legal framework of the national migration policy. According to O. V. Artamonov, the situation with the African diaspora as a whole can be considered normal. Federal and regional structures of the Federal Migration Service monitor cases of illegal actions against Africans, as well as cases of violations committed by Africans themselves, seeking fair consideration of all the circumstances of the case in court or administrative proceedings. The FMS maintains business contacts with African embassies in Moscow, and as a rule, decisions are made jointly.

Nygusie Kassae's speech was devoted to the problems of the Ethiopian diaspora, 400 representatives of which currently live in Russia . Michael (RUDN University). Mass migration processes in Ethiopia began in the 1970s. after the military coup. The number of Ethiopians living abroad, mainly in the United States, Canada, Europe and the Middle East, exceeds 3 million, with a significant number living in Germany, Sweden, Italy, France, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Many Ethiopians emigrated to Israel, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Lebanon, and Turkey.

Most Ethiopians are Orthodox Christians. Christianity in Ethiopia was established in apostolic times. The Ethiopian Church is one of the oldest in the world. Despite the difference in traditions, Ethiopians living in Russia visit Orthodox churches, and children are baptized in accordance with the traditions of the Russian Orthodox Church. Compared to other African diasporas, the Ethiopian diaspora in Russia is poorly organized; it does not have its own schools and other institutions for promoting the culture and art of the historical homeland in the surrounding society.

Over the past few years, given the potential contribution that the foreign diaspora, which includes specialists with higher education, can make to the development of Ethiopia, the Ethiopian government has been trying to create favorable conditions for attracting emigrants to their historical homeland and establish their interaction with national government agencies and business structures. In 2002, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia established a Department for work with the Ethiopian Diaspora abroad, one of the main tasks of which is to use its resources for the development of the country's economy. In addition, the embassies of Ethiopia in a number of countries have introduced positions of employees working with compatriots. Thanks to the Government's targeted policy, the role of the Ethiopian diaspora in the country's socio-economic development is growing, and the number of diaspora investors in the Ethiopian economy is growing. As for the Ethiopian diaspora in Russia, it does not have a large financial capacity and almost does not participate in the transfer of funds to their homeland. Most of the representatives of the Ethiopian diaspora in the Russian Federation have Russian citizenship; many have higher education. There are no illegal immigrants among the Ethiopians living in Russia. The attitude of the Ethiopian diaspora towards Russia is traditionally warm.

A number of speeches were devoted to the African diaspora in other countries of the world. The topic of the report by A. Y. Urnov (IAp RAS) is "The African-American Diaspora and the Obama administration's policy in Africa". He noted that, according to estimates, about 42 million people (13%) are African - Americans. The diaspora consists of native African Americans and visiting African immigrants.

The latter are divided into two communities: immigrants from the Caribbean and from Africa. Natives of Africa - from 1.4 to 1.6 million people, in 2000 there were less than 600 thousand. West Africa is leading, East Africa is slightly behind, followed by the North and South. The main "suppliers" of immigrants are Nigeria, Ethiopia, Egypt, Ghana, Somalia, Kenya, Morocco, South Africa, Liberia, and Sudan.

The social status of African migrants is higher than that of most native African Americans. Immigrants find it easier to get along with whites. The ties they maintain with their countries of origin are mostly related. Families account for between $ 40 billion and $ 60 billion in annual remittances from migrants to Africa.

African-Americans who devote their public and academic activities to African-American relations are fighting for the United States to pursue a "fair policy" in Africa. Most of them are researchers, politicians, and businessmen. The Association for African Studies (established in 1957) and the Trans-African Forum (established in 1977) are both active. A conference dedicated to the results of the 2012 presidential election and its implications for US African policy provides an insight into the views of these people. Background: The election of a black president has raised hopes that "the result will be a new U.S. policy toward Africa based on mutual respect and multilateral cooperation." In fact, little has changed in substance in the US - Africa policy. The hopes were false, the euphoria gave way to disappointment. The initial failure of these hopes is due to the fact that US foreign policy depends little on the race and personality of the president, being determined by the structural imperatives of a hegemonic imperialist power, for which African interests remain marginal and subordinate to the interests of the United States.

S. O. Kulkova (IAp RAS) made a presentation "Using the potential of the British African Diaspora in shaping British policy towards Africa at the present stage: opportunities and challenges". As of 2011, the number of the African diaspora in the UK was about 1 million. The largest communities come from Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Somalia, Ghana, Ethiopia, and Uganda. The total number of people with African roots (Black British) is about 2 million (including people of Afro-Caribbean origin from the former British colonies in the West Indies). This is about 3% of the British population, as of 2011. Communities of people from different countries of Africa in the UK are heterogeneous, there are groups within the same country community, so it would be more correct to talk about" African diasporas "than about the" diaspora " as a whole.

The British government is looking for ways to use the potential of diasporas in implementing the country's African policy. First, diasporas, including African ones, are seen as an important source of Britain's soft power. This was stated in the report "Persuasion and power in the modern world", prepared in 2014 by the Committee on" Soft power " and Influence of Great Britain (under the House of Lords). Second, the Foreign Office and the Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, are committed to harnessing the diplomatic potential of the African diaspora. However, despite the difficulties that arise, African diasporas are becoming increasingly important players in Britain's bilateral relations with African countries (especially Nigeria, Somalia, and Zimbabwe).

Third, the African diaspora is involved at various levels in development projects on the African continent (school networks; community associations; churches; regional, national, political, professional associations; refugee associations; non-governmental public organizations). These include the ALLOW - African Foundation for Development (founded in 1994), and Africa-UK. PROVIDE lobbies for the role of the African diaspora in Africa's development, promotes socially-oriented entrepreneurship, job creation, and business support programs in West Africa through a partner organization in Sierra Leone (PROVIDE-SL). Within the framework of the program, there are a number of working groups on health, energy, and agriculture. The British government seeks to find new forms and ways of interaction. For example, in February 2015, the House of Commons established a Cross-party Parliamentary Group on Diaspora, Development and Migration.

The EU leadership has set a course for closer cooperation with the African diaspora in various member states of the Union. "Pan-European" organizations of the African diaspora are emerging. Among them, ADYNE is a platform for bringing together youth organizations from various European countries headed by Africans or people of African descent (in Belgium); the AFRICA-EUROPE PLATFORM is a project with the participation of African diasporas from a number of European countries, including the UK, funded by the European Commission, aimed at projects in the following areas: in the field of development in Africa.

T. L. Deitch (IAp RAS) made a speech on the problems of the African diaspora in China. The influx of Africans to China is not comparable to the influx of Chinese to Africa. If in 2009 there were 1 million Chinese in Africa, and 250 thousand Africans in China, then in 2014, according to Adams Bodomo, a specialist in the problems of the Chinese and African diaspora, the number of Chinese in Africa was already 2 million, and 500 thousand Africans in China. The contribution of the African diaspora to the continent's development has led the African Union to name it "Africa's sixth development zone" along with West, East, Central, South and North Africa.

Most Africans are in Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong Province, known as the world factory: there are about 200 thousand of them" Afrotown "Guangzhou, where everything from restaurants to nightclubs is African, locals call the "chocolate city". But while Guangzhou has emerged as the largest African community, it is Southeast Asia (a former village in Shenzhen Province) that has become the model for an international multicultural shopping city. There are also representatives of the African diaspora in Beijing, Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Macau.

Most of the migrants come from West Africa: Nigeria (one in five Africans who arrived in China is a Nigerian), Ghana, Mali, Guinea, Senegal, Niger, Cameroon, Congo, Tanzania, and Kenya. The largest group (61%) consists of businessmen and merchants; the latter buy goods in China and sell them in Africa. They have studied the African market and know its needs. Sometimes they start their business in trade, and sometimes in companies that produce goods for the African market. A significant group consists of students (23%). This small category includes African professionals who come to the successful development of China not only from Africa, but also from the African diaspora in other countries of the world, as well as diplomats and other official representatives of African countries in China. Thus, the social composition of the African diaspora in China is quite diverse. There are many illegal immigrants among the migrants. The difficult situation of obtaining legal status undermines the security of African communities and social order.

Migrants are a significant source of financial transfers to the countries of origin. Migrant transfers ($60 billion in 2012) help African families survive by enabling them to eat better, pay for their children's education, and sometimes build a home and start a business.

The Chinese authorities, which are interested in developing Sino-African cooperation, see migrants as a "bridge" that promotes mutual understanding between representatives of different cultures. "Anti-Africanism "towards" aspiring businessmen "is infrequent: Africans are perceived as"business partners". The Chinese government, which did not expect an influx of Africans into the country, is trying to formulate a migration policy. At the same time, it is loyal to African migrants; the term "migrants" is not used in Chinese: Africans living in China are referred to as "our foreign friends". At the same time, racism and discrimination occur at the domestic level.

The visa problem creates an increase in "involuntary illegal immigrants" who have to hide from the police. Enclaves inhabited by African ethnic groups are subject to checks on the immigration status of residents, and often in a rough form. Undocumented immigrants are often arrested, fined, and repatriated to their homeland.

Despite the negative aspects associated with the stay of African migrants in China, the latter create a kind of cross-cultural space here, opening ethnic restaurants, hairdressers, football clubs, organizing music programs, etc.to "feel at home". They act as intermediaries in the contacts of local communities with the representative bodies of African States in China. The office of the head of the Nigerian association in Guangzhou has become a virtual consular center for African migrants, where leaders of African communities discuss their problems. Some African politicians and businessmen have become members of African communities in Hong Kong, Macau, Guangzhou, and Shanghai. Members of African communities participate as consultants in CPC municipal committee meetings and act as cultural advisors. Thus, the African diaspora plays the role of a bridge in the cultural mutual enrichment of peoples and economic cooperation between China and African countries.

V. A. Usov (IAp. RAS) considered the issues of Africans ' stay in India. Modern African migration to India began relatively recently. According to various estimates, at present there are at least 40 thousand immigrants from Africa in India, a significant part of which are Nigerians. About 15 thousand of the Africans living in India are students, the rest are traders, small entrepreneurs and so-called economic migrants seeking to find their niche in the developing Indian economy.

The difficulties of life of African migrants in India are not limited to bureaucratic obstacles, of which there are many. The main problem is racial prejudice and hostility of the local population, which is expressed, for example, in ignoring Africans by service workers, banning them from visiting restaurants under far-fetched pretexts, refusing to rent housing, publicly imitating "monkey" behavior in front of Africans, and constantly and openly looking at them in public places.

At the same time, over the past 4-5 years, hostility towards Africans has become more aggressive. They often lead to violent acts, including beatings and even murder. Hostility towards Africans is increasingly demonstrated by the authorities and police, who suspect and accuse Africans, especially Nigerians, of illegal and criminal activities. This attitude of the authorities reinforces and provokes racist attitudes towards Africans on the part of the population.

The problem of international labor migration in the context of globalization was considered by Tsvetkova (IV RAS). International labor migration is an important form of international economic relations. In the last 2-3 decades, international economic relations have intensified. From 1990 to 2012, world GDP increased from $ 22.2 trillion to $ 71.7 trillion (3.2 times), and world exports of goods and services increased from $ 4.4 trillion. foreign direct investment (FDI) - from $ 2.1 trillion to $ 22.8 trillion (by 10.9 times), assets of foreign branches - from $ 4.6 trillion to $ 86.6 trillion (by 18.8 times). Migrant flows are also growing, but official figures put the total number at 200 million in 2010, a small fraction of the world's population of 7 billion. Today, the mobility of unskilled labor is constrained by the policy of selective control over migrant flows implemented by developed countries.

Migrant remittances are an important source of foreign exchange earnings for a number of African countries. In 2013, private transfers to Nigeria reached $ 20.6 billion (fifth in the world after China, India, the Philippines, and Mexico), to Egypt (sixth) $ 19.2 billion, to Morocco - $ 6.9 billion, to Tunisia - $ 2.3 billion, and to Senegal - $ 1.6 billion. For smaller African countries, the amount of transfers is not so significant, but they make up a significant part of their gross national income: in 2013, this share was 10.7% for Senegal, 10% for Cape Verde, 7.5% for Egypt, and 6.7% for Morocco. However, these African countries were not leaders in this indicator: in Tajikistan, emigrant transfers reached 44.4% of GNI in 2013, in Moldova-22.7%, and in Georgia - 12.5%.

What makes international migrant workers attractive to host countries? Immigrants use their labor to create added value. For example, in France, by 2000, 90% of roads and 50% of all residential buildings were built by immigrants. Migrants are usually assigned dangerous, dirty, or difficult jobs. The influx of highly qualified personnel ("brain drain") has a huge positive effect. Immigrants increase the GDP of the host country, but at the same time the balance of factor incomes can become negative due to the transfer of migrants abroad of a significant part of their earnings. A significant part of migrants ' transfers pass through informal payment systems such as the hawala system and are not reflected in official statistics.

I. G. Rybalkina (IAp RAS) devoted her presentation to the impact of migration on the African family, which can be both constructive and destructive. Territorial disunity reduces personal contacts between otkhodniks and their families. Long-migrated Africans remain loyal to their families. In this case, the economic basis of the family, transforming, combines peasant and wage labor, allowing you to get a good income. Moreover, it increases the probability that the migrant will bring home not only money, but also skills, abilities and ideas that will help the family get used to new economic activities in the village. In this case, migration promotes both economic diversification and greater integration into the commodity-monetary system. More frequent movement and an increase in the number of places of residence across the continent lead to the fact that members of the same family can live in different regions and cities, but still function as a single socio-economic whole, providing one of their main functions - material and financial support for the elderly, women and children within the same household.

Increasing female migration has the greatest impact on African families. It is expected that in the future, the importance of their work will be recognized in all sectors of society, and women will play a more prominent role in the process of family involvement in the commodity-money economy. Break with the traditions of ready mostly more figuratively-

There are women who see migration as a departure from traditionalism and an entry into a whole new world.

By establishing a relationship of friendship and support with the migrant, the family secures its future and gains confidence that it will later be able to benefit from the income and benefits that the migrant will achieve through their work.

Attempts to restrict migration to Europe and the United States will lead to an increase in intra-continental migration. The precarious economic situation in urban areas, combined with the permanent weakness of the agricultural sector, will involve an increasing number of Africans in return or temporary migration. For those with stable employment in the city, the fear of losing their job can lead to a reduction in the number of visits to their families and relatives. The growing involvement of women and children in migration processes is likely to lead to profound social, economic, psychological, moral and other changes in African families.

S. V. Nenashev (IAp RAS) presented a paper on the" internal migration " of Africans on the example of Angola. For a long historical period, Angola has remained an" exporter " of migrants. The beginning was laid by the Portuguese colonialists, who organized a large-scale forced relocation of a significant part of its inhabitants to the American continent. Portuguese researchers estimate that about 4.5 million people were taken out of Angola during the years of the slave trade.

The second significant wave of emigration was due to Angola's independence in 1975 and the subsequent 27-year civil war. At the same time, the eve of the acquisition of sovereignty by this overseas province of Portugal was accompanied by a mass exodus of the white population, which at that time was about 600 thousand people. The civil war that began even before the declaration of independence of Angola led to the flight of more than 1 million indigenous people from the country, who found refuge mainly in neighboring countries.

The end of the civil war in 2002, the strengthening of political stability and rapid economic growth of Angola radically changed the country's migration flows and contributed to its gradual transformation from a donor to a recipient of migrants. A significant influx of migrants to Angola has caused concern to the country's leadership, who saw it as a potential threat. In 2007, the law "On the Legal status of foreign citizens in the Republic of Angola" was adopted, which significantly limited the influx of foreigners into the country, legalizing the contract model of labor migration. According to some estimates, the number of legal migrants in Angola currently reaches 550 thousand people, mainly citizens of Brazil, China and Portugal.

The migration situation in Angola's relations with the former metropolis has changed dramatically. At the end of 2011, about 98,000 Portuguese were registered in Angola, twice as many as in 2005. Subsequently, about 20 thousand people left Portugal for Angola every year. At the same time, from 2004 to 2014, the number of Angolans living in Portugal decreased from 120,000 to 45,000. The return of Angolans to their homeland is typical not only for Portugal, but also for other countries that received them during the civil war. According to the Angolan Government and international observers, after the restoration of peace, more than 500 thousand citizens returned to their native places.

Angolan authorities are concerned about the increase in illegal migration. According to the National Police Command, there are about 500,000 illegal immigrants in Angola. The Angolan authorities are trying to restore order in this area, as illegal migration to the country is associated with crime (illegal diamond mining, drug distribution, trafficking in human organs, etc.). During 2014, about 1 thousand people who were in the country without legal grounds were extradited from Angola every week.

So, the African continent is the world's largest migration system, much of which requires change. Repressive measures against so-called illegal migrants are causing protests in Africa. Events in Libya and its neighboring countries have provoked a sharp jump in the number of illegal migrants to Europe. The Mediterranean Sea turned into a sea of drowned people: when trying to get to Italy, Greece on fragile boats, about 25 thousand Africans died. We should not forget about the involvement of some migration network organizations in terrorist and criminal structures. All this is a consequence of the miscalculations of the creators of migration policy, which in the current situation in the world requires new approaches.

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